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Feed title: Terence Eden’s Blog
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First item published on 2025-07-04T11:34:54.000Z
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<title type="text">Terence Eden’s Blog</title>
<subtitle type="text">Regular nonsense about tech and its effects 🙃</subtitle>
<updated>2025-07-04T11:29:23Z</updated>
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<title type="html"><![CDATA[Making My Own Hacktoberfest T-Shirts]]></title>
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<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Hacktoberfest"/>
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<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Between 2014 and 2022, DigitalOcean sent free t-shirts to developers who completed the Hacktoberfest challenge. For entirely sensible reasons related to sustainability and spammy entrants, they stopped doing physical merchandise in 2023. I'm the sort of hip fashionista who only wears free conference t-shirts. GDS@GDSTeamWe support open source. And we’ve got the t-shirts to prove it (thanks @…]]></summary>
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<html><head></head><body><p>Between 2014 and 2022, DigitalOcean sent free t-shirts to developers who completed the Hacktoberfest challenge. For entirely sensible reasons related to sustainability and spammy entrants, they stopped doing physical merchandise in 2023.</p>
<p>I'm the sort of hip fashionista who <em>only</em> wears free conference t-shirts.</p>
<blockquote class="social-embed" id="social-embed-958377102641893376" lang="en" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/SocialMediaPosting"><header class="social-embed-header" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://twitter.com/GDSTeam" class="social-embed-user" itemprop="url"><img class="social-embed-avatar social-embed-avatar-circle" src="data:image/webp;base64,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" alt="" itemprop="image"><div class="social-embed-user-names"><p class="social-embed-user-names-name" itemprop="name">GDS</p>@GDSTeam</div></a><img class="social-embed-logo" alt="Twitter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%0Aaria-label%3D%22Twitter%22%20role%3D%22img%22%0AviewBox%3D%220%200%20512%20512%22%3E%3Cpath%0Ad%3D%22m0%200H512V512H0%22%0Afill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%231d9bf0%22%20d%3D%22m458%20140q-23%2010-45%2012%2025-15%2034-43-24%2014-50%2019a79%2079%200%2000-135%2072q-101-7-163-83a80%2080%200%200024%20106q-17%200-36-10s-3%2062%2064%2079q-19%205-36%201s15%2053%2074%2055q-50%2040-117%2033a224%20224%200%2000346-200q23-16%2040-41%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"></header><section class="social-embed-text" itemprop="articleBody">We support open source. And we’ve got the t-shirts to prove it (thanks <a href="https://twitter.com/github">@github</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/digitalocean">@digitalocean</a>). GDS took part in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Hacktoberfest">#Hacktoberfest</a> this year, contributing to open source projects as part of a global community <a href="https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/">hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com</a> <a href="https://x.com/gdsteam/status/958377102641893376/photo/1">pic.x.com/AkM09LGono</a><div class="social-embed-media-grid"><a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DUzWotoW0AAFMmK.jpg" class="social-embed-media-link"><img class="social-embed-media" alt="Terence, Andrea and Anna wearing Hacktoberfest t-shirts" 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"></a></div></section><hr 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<p>Sadly, after several years of constant catwalk modelling, my beloved Hacktoberfest shirts are full of holes. I couldn't find any for sale on eBay or Vinted - so I decided to make my own.</p>
<p>Note: <a href="https://github.com/Hacktoberfest/hacktoberfest-2022/blob/main/src/assets/brand-guidelines.pdf">DigitalOcean's Brand Guidelines</a> say that you shouldn't create physical merchandise or sell any products featuring the logo. Well, I'm not selling these nor, do I think, they are merchandise. Hacktoberfest aren't using these to incentivise anyone any more. They're just cool t-shirts.</p>
<h2 id="the-logos"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#the-logos" class="heading-link">The Logos</a></h2>
<p>There are <a href="https://dev.to/fernandezbaptiste/last-10-years-of-hacktoberfest-merch-a-journey-through-time-8od">lots of photos of the t-shirts</a> but it is surprisingly hard to find the original assets.</p>
<h3 id="low-resolution"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#low-resolution" class="heading-link">Low Resolution</a></h3>
<p>Kotis - a design agency - did the Hacktoberfest swag from 2015-2020. They have a <a href="https://go.kotisdesign.com/portfolio/digital-ocean-hacktoberfest/">brand portfolio</a> with the t-shirt icons. Sadly, all a bit low resolution for printing, but good for getting accurate background colours for the material.</p>
<ul>
<li>2020 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-18.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2019 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-19.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2018 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-20.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2017 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-21.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2016 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-22.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2015 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-23.png" alt=""></li>
</ul>
<p>Similarly, there are a few low resolution promo shots of the t-shirts or their logos:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/2f1eggqi7zgs0cj38j2p.jpg">2022</a> (back of t-shirt)</li>
<li><a href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/99407553/194741467-af241be9-e0df-4f43-88a8-9236a253a555.jpg">2021</a> (t-shirt)</li>
<li><a href="https://cerealtree.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/hacktober.png">2016</a> (more accurate colours)</li>
<li><a href="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/d13f20be-66f9-11e5-8478-992126efc469.png">2015</a> (logo)</li>
<li><a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2014Logo.webp">2014</a> (logo)</li>
</ul>
<p>AI upscaling looked typically rubbish.</p>
<h3 id="higher-resolution-bitmaps"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#higher-resolution-bitmaps" class="heading-link">Higher Resolution Bitmaps</a></h3>
<p>Some designers have their logo designs on Dribbble. Not <em>very</em> high resolution, but good enough for stickers.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/8192199-Hacktoberfest-2019-logo">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/5333694-Hacktoberfest-2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/3814307-Hactoberfest-2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/2988111-Hactoberfest-2016">2016</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="archived-logos"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#archived-logos" class="heading-link">Archived Logos</a></h3>
<p>The official Hacktoberfest website had some logos embedded on it:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001041836/https://hacktoberfest.com/">2022</a> (SVG logo)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930141101im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hf19-full-10f3c000cea930c76acc1dedc516ea7118b95353220869a3051848e45ff1d656.svg">2019</a> (SVG)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001075142if_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hacktoberfest-658b5aa2bd34e782d29c40bf6afbdff00f20fe1328efa6da17743878ba8db66f.png">2018</a> (PNG with transparent background)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913052813/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/">2017</a> (SVG)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="best-of-the-bunch"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#best-of-the-bunch" class="heading-link">Best of the bunch</a></h2>
<p>These are the best available logos. The SVGs are suitable for printing at any size, the PNGs may be harder.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/7f/Hacktoberfest_icon_2022.svg">2022</a> (SVG logo)</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Hacktoberfest/hacktoberfest-2020/blob/master/app/assets/images/HF-full-logo.svg">2020</a> (SVG)</li>
<li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20190930141101im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hf19-full-10f3c000cea930c76acc1dedc516ea7118b95353220869a3051848e45ff1d656.svg">2019</a> (SVG)</li>
<li><a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2018Logo.webp">2018</a> (WebP 1155x898)</li>
<li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170913052813/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/">2017</a> (SVG embedded in page)</li>
<li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20161022114022im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/h-ceffbf9c09a918a4eda57f3a80f70e71b778ae233ece6f0ce41105316ddd3a64.svg">2016</a> (SVG)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="missing"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#missing" class="heading-link">Missing</a></h2>
<p>The following are missing 2014, 2015, 2021, 2022 (comic). There are photos of the shirts, and some low-resolution artwork available, all of which are too low quality to be printed. If you know how to get high-resolution images of them - please leave a comment!</p>
<h3 id="2021"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#2021" class="heading-link">2021</a></h3>
<p>There are <em>some</em> elements out there. For example:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.behance.net/gallery/128630281/HacktoberFest-2021">This Behance profile of Hacktoberfest 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930065625im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/_nuxt/img/logo-hacktoberfest-full.f42e3b1.svg">The official logo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150155im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/_nuxt/img/logo-hacktoberfest-full2.aa1e9d9.svg">The logo with the t-shirt colour scheme</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150151/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/brandguidelines">The brand guidelines</a> for more accurate colour reproduction.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2014"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#2014" class="heading-link">2014</a></h3>
<p>There's not much available about the first t-shirt. There's a <a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2014Logo.webp">version of the logo used</a> and <a href="https://community.nodebb.org/topic/2948/digital-ocean-free-t-shirts">some photos</a> but that's about it.</p>
<h2 id="photos-of-t-shirts"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#photos-of-t-shirts" class="heading-link">Photos of T-Shirts</a></h2>
<p>If you want to compare the logos to the originals, and see what colour fabric they used, there are lots of photo online:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/hacktoberfest/comments/16vzkes/here_is_my_collection_which_design_is_your/">Reddit collection</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/history/">History of Hacktoberfest</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="end-result"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#end-result" class="heading-link">End Result</a></h2>
<p>If I can't find the missing logos, I'll create my own design for my own personal use. Something like this:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/double-t.webp" alt="Two t-shirts with the various Hacktoberfest logos stacked on them." width="1024" height="464" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61672">
<p>If you have a source for vectors of the missing logos, please drop me a comment.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>2</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Process Vs Prejudice]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/process-vs-prejudice/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=60985</id>
<updated>2025-07-01T09:16:31Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-03T11:34:05Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="forms"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="politics"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I recently read an interesting article about Accountability Sinks. In it, the author argues that part of the reason for having business processes is that they diffuse accountability. Every one of us has tried to have an argument with an employee of a big company, and it always goes like this: the human being you are speaking to is only allowed to follow a set of processes and rules that pass on …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/process-vs-prejudice/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>I recently read an interesting article about <a href="https://250bpm.substack.com/p/accountability-sinks">Accountability Sinks</a>. In it, the author argues that part of the reason for having business processes is that they diffuse accountability.</p>
<p>Every one of us has tried to have an argument with an employee of a big company, and it always goes like this:</p>
<blockquote><p>the human being you are speaking to is only allowed to follow a set of processes and rules that pass on decisions made at a higher level of the corporate hierarchy. It’s often a frustrating experience; you want to get angry, but you can’t really blame the person you’re talking to.</p></blockquote>
<p>So should we give people more discretion in which processes they follow?</p>
<p>In some cases, yes! The article contains some compelling examples of when "breaking the rules" is the preferable outcome.</p>
<p>But there are some unacknowledged downsides to letting people decide which rules are applicable - and that's people's personal prejudices.</p>
<p>The article say some of the discontent with the modern world can be blamed on over-adherence to rules. For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>The skepticism toward judges? It fits. They often seem more devoted to procedure than to justice.</p></blockquote>
<p>Imagine a world without <a href="https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/sentencing-and-the-council/about-sentencing-guidelines/">sentencing guidelines</a>. Perhaps the judge is from a different tribe to the accused and punishes them much more harshly than a clan-member. Would that seem fair?</p>
<p>The customer service agent just doesn't like people of your gender, and refuses to process your refund.</p>
<p>You give the bank manager a firm handshake and he approves your loan - even though you don't <em>technically</em> qualify you look like a decent sort of chap.</p>
<p>And on it goes.</p>
<p>Look, there's no doubt plenty of bias encoded within processes. All processes should be regularly reviewed and updated. Breaking a process in extremis can be a good idea. When confronted with an inflexible policy, you may feel like a mere cog in a machine - but at least the machine is prevented from discriminating against your type of cogs.</p>
<p>A well-defined process dehumanises <em>both</em> sides.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>6</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: The World According to Cunk - An Illustrated History of All World Events Ever, Space Permitting by Philomena Cunk ★★★★★]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/book-review-the-world-according-to-cunk-an-illustrated-history-of-all-world-events-ever-space-permitting-by-philomena-cunk/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61157</id>
<updated>2025-06-25T08:30:28Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-02T11:34:17Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="comedy"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[There are some characters whose tone of voice is inimitable. You cannot fail to read this without Diane Morgan's languid cadence echoing in your big empty head. The book has been written with a very specific pace - one chuckle per paragraph, a big laugh every page, and a set number of uncontrollable giggles per chapter. Somewhat formulaic, but highly effective. I kept highlighting bits of it…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/book-review-the-world-according-to-cunk-an-illustrated-history-of-all-world-events-ever-space-permitting-by-philomena-cunk/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hbg-title-the-world-according-to-cunk-3-5.webp" alt="Book cover with famous people on the front." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61158">There are some characters whose tone of voice is inimitable. You cannot fail to read this without Diane Morgan's languid cadence echoing in your big empty head.</p>
<p>The book has been written with a very specific pace - one chuckle per paragraph, a big laugh every page, and a set number of uncontrollable giggles per chapter. Somewhat formulaic, but highly effective.</p>
<p>I kept highlighting bits of it and showing them to my wife. After the 8th or 9th time she grabbed her own copy and started showing me the bits she found funny.</p>
<p>It's just endlessly quotable. "The emperor eventually died and was buried with a load of clay figures – like Nick Park will be." and "a sort of naughty typewriter called the Enigma machine" still keep me guffawing.</p>
<p>The long-running callbacks are perfect, as are the inclusion of a few <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIsc6zirBSw">fan favourite jokes</a>.</p>
<p>Even the fucking <em>index</em> of this book is hilarious.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>0</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Are Brother's Insecure Printers Illegal in the UK?]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61677</id>
<updated>2025-07-01T09:16:24Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-01T11:34:15Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="CyberSecurity"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="IoT"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="law"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="legal"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Legislation"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Another day, another security disaster! This time, multiple printers from Brother have an unfixable security flaw. That's bad, obviously, but is it illegally bad? Let's take a look at details of the vulnerability: An unauthenticated attacker who knows the target device's serial number, can generate the default administrator password for the device. Recently, the UK brought in some laws aimed…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Another day, another security disaster! This time, <a href="https://www.theverge.com/news/694877/brother-printers-security-flaw-password-vulnerability">multiple printers from Brother have an unfixable security flaw</a>. That's bad, obviously, but is it <em>illegally</em> bad<sup id="fnref:law"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:law" class="footnote-ref" title="I'm not a lawyer. This is not legal advice. This is just my interpretation of what's going on. If in doubt, consult someone qualified." role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>?</p>
<p>Let's take a look <a href="https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-51978">at details of the vulnerability</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>An unauthenticated attacker who knows the target device's serial number, can generate the default administrator password for the device.</p></blockquote>
<p>Recently, the UK brought in some laws aimed at strengthening consumer protection - the Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure act (PSTI). There's <a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/smart-devices-law">a readable summary on the National Cyber Security Centre's website</a>.</p>
<p>There are three interesting points to note in that blog post. The first is about passwords:</p>
<blockquote><p>The law means manufacturers must ensure that all their smart devices meet basic cyber security requirements. Specifically:</p>
<ol>
<li>The manufacturer must not supply devices that use default passwords, which can be easily discovered online, and shared.</li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>Secondly, is a question of jurisdiction:</p>
<blockquote><p>Most smart devices are manufactured outside the UK, but the PSTI act also applies to all organisations importing or retailing products for the UK market. Failure to comply with the act is a criminal offence</p></blockquote>
<p>Thirdly, what is actually covered:</p>
<blockquote><p>The law applies to any ‘consumer smart device’ that connects either to the internet, or to a home network (for example by wifi).</p></blockquote>
<p>Is a WiFi enabled printer a "consumer smart device"? One of the things that techies find confusing is that the law is <em>not</em> code. It usually doesn't enumerate a definitive list of what is and what isn't in scope. It gives a general outline and then allows case-law to develop. This means laws don't need to be updated when someone invents, say, an Internet connected tinfoil dispenser.</p>
<p>Let's move beyond the consumer-friendly summary and go to the actual law. <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1007/schedule/1/made">The Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure (Security Requirements for Relevant Connectable Products) Regulations 2023</a></p>
<blockquote><ol start="2">
<li><p>Passwords must be—</p>
<p>a. unique per product; or</p>
<p>b. defined by the user of the product.</p></li>
<li><p>Passwords which are unique per product must not be—</p>
<p>a. based on incremental counters;</p>
<p>b. based on or derived from publicly available information;</p>
<p>c. based on or derived from unique product identifiers, such as serial numbers, unless this is done using an encryption method, or keyed hashing algorithm, that is accepted as part of good industry practice;</p>
<p>d. otherwise guessable in a manner unacceptable as part of good industry practice.</p></li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>How does this apply to the printers? Rapid7, who discovered the vulnerability, <a href="https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/multiple-brother-devices-multiple-vulnerabilities-fixed/">have this to say about how it works</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>[The vulnerability] allows an attacker to leak a serial number via the target's HTTP, HTTPS, and IPP services. However, should an attacker not be able to leverage [the vulnerability], a remote unauthenticated attacker can still discover a target device's serial number via either a PJL or SNMP query</p></blockquote>
<p>So, yes. The default password <em>is</em> unique but it can be automatically derived from the serial number. That serial number is available to anyone with a network connection to the printer.</p>
<p>But, do printers fall under the scope of this act?</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/46/part/1/enacted#section-4">Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure Act 2022</a> says:</p>
<blockquote><p>4 Relevant connectable products</p>
<ol>
<li><p>In this Part “relevant connectable product” means a product that meets conditions A and B.</p></li>
<li><p>Condition A is that the product is—</p>
<p>A. an internet-connectable product, or</p>
<p>B. a network-connectable product.</p></li>
<li><p>Condition B is that the product is not an excepted product (see section 6).</p></li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>It goes on to define what Internet-connectable means, along with some other clarifying details. But is there a get-out clause here? Are printers an "excepted product"?</p>
<blockquote><p>In this Part “excepted product” means a product of a description specified in regulations made by the Secretary of State.</p></blockquote>
<p>OK, let's look at <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1007/schedule/3">the regulations</a>. I've expanded out the relevant bit:</p>
<blockquote><p>Schedule 3 Excepted connectable products</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><p>Computers</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Products are excepted under this paragraph if they are computers which are—</p>
<p>a. desktop computers;</p>
<p>b. laptop computers;</p>
<p>c. tablet computers which do not have the capability to connect to cellular networks.</p></li>
</ol></li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>Nope! The Brother printers don't appear to be exempt<sup id="fnref:neil"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:neil" class="footnote-ref" title="With thanks to m'learned colleague Neil Brown who came to much the same conclusion" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup>. What's <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/46/part/1/enacted#section-38">the <em>maximum</em> penalty</a> Brother could be subject to?</p>
<p>The greater of £10 million or 4% of worldwide <em>revenue</em>.</p>
<p>Ouch!</p>
<p>Of course, much like GDPR fines, these are headline grabbing numbers. The prosaic reality is that <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/safety-and-standards-enforcement-enforcement-policy">the enforcement policy is much more likely to suggest remedial steps</a>. Only the most flagrant transgressors are likely to be punished harshly<sup id="fnref:actions"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:actions" class="footnote-ref" title="You can see the actions they've previously taken. Because PSTI is so new, there aren't any actions against insecure IoT devices - so we'll have to wait and see how they choose to proceed." role="doc-noteref">2</a></sup>.</p>
<p>So, to recap. The law says an Internet-connected device (including printers) must have a password which is not "based on or derived from publicly available information". As I understand it, having a serial-number based password is OK <em>as long as you don't publicise the serial number</em>. I expect that if it were printed on a sticker that would be fine. But because the serial can be discovered remotely, it fails at this point.</p>
<p>In Brother's (slight) defence, unless the user has specifically connected the printer to the Internet this is only a local vulnerability. Someone on the same network would be able to monkey around with the printer but, similarly, they could plug in a USB cable for some illicit printing or break it with a hammer. Any damage is confined to the LAN.</p>
<p>Should users change default passwords? Yes. But manufacturers have a legal duty to ensure that people who don't are still protected.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:law" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I'm not a lawyer. This is not legal advice. This is just my interpretation of what's going on. If in doubt, consult someone qualified. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:law" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:neil" role="doc-endnote">
<p>With thanks to m'learned colleague <a href="https://decoded.legal/blog/2023/10/new-rules-for-people-making-importing-or-distributing-internet-connected-or-connectable-products-part-1/">Neil Brown who came to much the same conclusion</a> <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:neil" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:actions" role="doc-endnote">
<p>You can <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/opss-enforcement-actions">see the actions they've previously taken</a>. Because PSTI is so new, there aren't any actions against insecure IoT devices - so we'll have to wait and see how they choose to proceed. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:actions" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>4</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: The Left Hand of Dog - Si Clarke ★★☆☆☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-left-hand-of-dog-si-clarke/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61173</id>
<updated>2025-06-26T07:19:15Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-30T11:34:37Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I have to say, I did not get on with this book. The central conceit is that a sci-fi fan is abducted by aliens and their universal translator converts everything into understandable slang. So we get lots of warp factors, ansibles, dilithium crystals, and Hitchiker’s references. It makes the whole thing feel a bit cheap. OK, maybe it is a little silly when an author comes up with some t…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-left-hand-of-dog-si-clarke/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/left.webp" alt="Book cover featuring a person, their dog, and an interstellar tea-pot." width="200" height="300" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61175"> I have to say, I did <em>not</em> get on with this book. The central conceit is that a sci-fi fan is abducted by aliens and their universal translator converts everything into understandable slang. So we get lots of warp factors, ansibles, dilithium crystals, and Hitchiker’s references. It makes the whole thing feel a bit cheap. OK, maybe it is a little silly when an author comes up with some technobabble instead of saying "make the jump to light-speed" - but readers appreciate the effort.</p>
<p>It's a daft enough story but the chuckles are few and far between.</p>
<p>Much like the <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/tag/wayfarers/">Wayfarers books</a>, it wears its heart on its sleeve. I found that a delightful and refreshing aspect which is rarely seen in sci-fi.</p>
<p>But, in the end, I found the plot a bit too derivative to enjoy, and the shoe-horned references quickly became tiresome.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Contactless Payments with GrapheneOS]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61636</id>
<updated>2025-06-28T20:36:24Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-29T11:34:57Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="android"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="google"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="GrapheneOS"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="nfc"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Google's monopolistic stranglehold on Android results in poor experience for power-users, and artificially restricts choice for those who have older phones. For example, Google Wallet is the de facto way to use NFC payments on Android. There's one problem though - it only works with Google's Android. If you have the temerity to install a 3rd party Android OS - like the hyper-secure GrapheneOS - …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Google's monopolistic stranglehold on Android results in poor experience for power-users, and artificially restricts choice for those who have older phones. For example, Google Wallet is the <i lang="la">de facto</i> way to use NFC payments on Android. There's one problem though - it only works with <em>Google's</em> Android. If you have the temerity to install a 3rd party Android OS - like the hyper-secure <a href="https://grapheneos.org/">GrapheneOS</a> - you'll be locked out of it.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPay-fs8.png" alt="This device can't be set up to pay contactless. Your device doesn't meet pay contactless security standards. It may be rooted or running uncertified software." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61637">
<p>First of all, Google is lying. It <em>does</em> meet security standards and it is <em>not</em> rooted. I get that <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2023/05/the-limits-of-general-purpose-computation/">I have no right to run someone else's software in an environment they don't like</a>, but this is just misinformation. 3rd party OSes are often <em>more</em> secure that a stock OS which has been left to rot by an unresponsive manufacturer.</p>
<p>Anyway, here's how you can use contactless payments on Graphene.</p>
<h2 id="prerequisites"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#prerequisites" class="heading-link">Prerequisites</a></h2>
<p>I'm going to tell you what I did. If you found another way, leave a comment or write your own blog post.</p>
<p>I'm using the latest version of Graphene (2025062000) with Play Services installed. The app is running in my main profile. None of the advanced app protection has been toggled for the app. NFC is on.</p>
<p>You will have to agree to <a href="https://www.curve.com/legal/privacy/">Curve's privacy policy</a>. And the privacy policy of your credit card. Look, if you're using Graphene, you're probably overly privacy sensitive. If you're concerned about The Man<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2122.png" alt="™" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> knowing that you used your card to buy a breakfast beer and then sharing that with 958 trusted partners, just use cash instead.</p>
<h2 id="install-curve"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#install-curve" class="heading-link">Install Curve</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://www.curve.com/join#D4MK9ZKN">Here's a referral link to install Curve</a> - join and you get £10. Or, you can <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.imaginecurve.curve.prd">install directly from the Play Store</a>.</p>
<p>You'll need to create an account and pass KYC / AML checks. <a href="https://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/fca-firm-checker/firm-10456-925447">Curve are regulated by the FCA</a> so you should feel safe giving your details to them.</p>
<h2 id="add-a-card"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#add-a-card" class="heading-link">Add a card</a></h2>
<p>Curve is a <em>virtual</em> card provider. So add your existing Visa or MasterCard to the app (no Amex). When you spend on Curve, you're actually spending on the underlying card you've added. Curve promise cheaper foreign exchange fees and a few other perks. But what we're really interested in is NFC payments.</p>
<h2 id="set-up-curve-pay"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#set-up-curve-pay" class="heading-link">Set up Curve Pay</a></h2>
<p>On your app's dashboard, you should see a banner saying "Curve Pay is good to go!". If not, head into your account and set it up there.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Good-to-go-fs8.png" alt="Curve dashboard." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61638">
<p>If it has all set up, you should see a welcome tutorial explaining how contactless works.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Good-To-Go-fs8.png" alt="Animation showing how to hold your phone to an NFC payment terminal." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61639">
<h2 id="set-your-default-wallet"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#set-your-default-wallet" class="heading-link">Set your default wallet</a></h2>
<p>On your phone, go to Settings → Connected devices → Connection Preferences → NFC → Contactless Payments.</p>
<p>Or, search your settings for Pay.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Pay-Location-fs8.png" alt="Settings search page." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61640">
<p>Select your default wallet app - in this case, Curve.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Default-Wallet-App-fs8.png" alt="List of available wallet apps." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61641">
<h2 id="pay-for-something"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#pay-for-something" class="heading-link">Pay for something</a></h2>
<p>You need to make sure NFC is turned on before you can use NFC payments. I know that sounds obvious, but I forgot to do it the first time and got very confused.</p>
<p>Go to a local shop, pick up something, hand it to the merchant, wave your phone over the payment terminal like you are a technowizard from the future.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Notification-fs8.png" alt="Notification showing I paid £3.95 for a sticky bun." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61642">
<p>Enjoy eating whatever you paid for!</p>
<h2 id="thats-it"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#thats-it" class="heading-link">That's it!</a></h2>
<p>Once you're done, you can turn of NFC if you're paranoid.</p>
<p>Apparently, <a href="https://justfollow.me.uk/@sborrill/114761774161342879">Curve also works with Garmin Smart Watches</a> - but I don't have one to test out.</p>
<p>If you've found this blog post useful, I'd be grateful if you signed up with <a href="https://www.curve.com/join#D4MK9ZKN">my referral link for Curve</a>.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>6</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: First Contact - The Story of Our Obsession with Aliens by Becky Ferreira ★★★★⯪]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-first-contact-the-story-of-our-obsession-with-aliens-by-becky-ferreira/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61450</id>
<updated>2025-06-26T07:19:06Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-28T11:34:39Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="NetGalley"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[This is a cheerful and convivial look through the history of humanity's search for life "out there". It isn't an "ancient aliens" style book of nonsense, but rather a steady walk through what has actually happened - and what we hope might happen. It is a beautiful PDF which has been gorgeously typeset and lushly illustrated. So many fonts! Sure, it isn't brilliant for eInk but excellent for a…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-first-contact-the-story-of-our-obsession-with-aliens-by-becky-ferreira/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/9781523527779_766925.webp" alt="Book cover showing a UFO and digital signals." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61451"> This is a cheerful and convivial look through the history of humanity's search for life "out there". It isn't an "ancient aliens" style book of nonsense, but rather a steady walk through what has actually happened - and what we hope <em>might</em> happen.</p>
<p>It is a beautiful PDF which has been gorgeously typeset and lushly illustrated. So many fonts! Sure, it isn't brilliant for eInk but excellent for a tablet or any other full-colour screen.</p>
<p>The language is unpretentious and accessible. It's probably aimed towards the space-obsessed teen market, but I found it delightful.</p>
<blockquote><p>The authorities were decidedly unchill about all this philosophizing, however, and Anaxagoras was condemned to death for impiety—a charge based on his rejection of religious teachings—after he kept insisting the Sun was a hot and large natural object, not some hunky god driving a chariot across the sky.</p></blockquote>
<p>There aren't any inline references or footnotes - and links to images would be nice - but they're all all stuffed at the end if you want to find more.</p>
<p>It would have been nice if some of the examples were a <em>little</em> more fleshed out:</p>
<blockquote><p>Many cultures have imagined themselves as the descendants of celestial objects, or believed that they will ascend to the skies to join their ancestors after death.</p></blockquote>
<p>But it is an excellent jumping off point for anyone who wants to expand their horizons. The book isn't really in any chronological order so jumps around a fair bit. Full of fascinating titbits - especially radio silence day - and avoids the trap of sticking to just the USA cultural hegemony,</p>
<p>A great starting point for anyone who wants to get quickly acquainted with our (so far futile) attempts to discover alien life.</p>
<p>Many thanks to <a href="https://www.netgalley.com">NetGalley</a> for the preview copy - the book is on sale 30th September 2025.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>0</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Review: Octopus Home Mini - Real-Time Smart Meter Monitoring ★★☆☆☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61481</id>
<updated>2025-06-27T08:51:38Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-27T11:34:29Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="electricity"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="energy"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="HomeAssistant"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="IoT"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Smart Home"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I unashamedly love my smart-meter. Rather than having my energy provider guesstimate my bill, or having to send manual readings each month, it automatically beams them back to its mothership. It also enables interesting things like variable energy tariffs. By design, the smart-meter is limited in how much data it can send back. You can choose to have readings sent monthly, weekly, daily, or…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>I unashamedly <em>love</em> my smart-meter. Rather than having my energy provider guesstimate my bill, or having to send manual readings each month, it automatically beams them back to its mothership. It also enables interesting things like variable energy tariffs.</p>
<p>By design, the smart-meter is limited in how much data it can send back. You can choose to have readings sent monthly, weekly, daily, or half-hourly. There's no option for minute-by-minute precision. That's useful from a privacy perspective - and no doubt makes the network engineering simpler - but slightly annoying from a home-monitoring perspective.</p>
<p>The smart-meter has the ability to send real-time information to a local device using the ZigBee network. If you have an in-home display (IHD) then you'll have seen just how accurate it is.</p>
<p>As I've discovered, <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2020/04/hacking-your-smart-meter-part-1-zigbee/">you can't just pair any-old ZigBee device to your meter</a>. Luckily, Octopus have sent me the "Mini". A little device which connects to the smart-meter and your home WiFi, then reports usage every 10 seconds. Let's put it through its paces.</p>
<h2 id="size"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#size" class="heading-link">Size</a></h2>
<p>Mini by name, mini by nature!</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Mini.webp" alt="Tiny pink device." width="2738" height="1541" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61492">
<p>It's rare to find a device smaller than its plug. I half-wonder if they could have integrated it and just made it into a smartplug.</p>
<p>Annoyingly, it is <em>micro</em> USB. I am a USB-C maximalist. There's no reason this device shouldn't use the same cable as everything else I own.</p>
<h2 id="installation"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#installation" class="heading-link">Installation</a></h2>
<p>Plug the Mini in - ideally within 5m of your smartmeter - and wait for the blinkenlight. Follow the in-app instructions. Because, like every modern device, it needs an app. You need to install the standard Octopus Android app, and can then add the Mini to your account and to your WiFi.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/24ghz.webp" alt="Warning about using 2.4GHz WiFi." width="490" height="367" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61493">
<p>Like all cheap IoT devices, it will only work on 2.4㎓, so you may need to adjust which network your phone is on.</p>
<h2 id="and-then"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#and-then" class="heading-link">And then…</a></h2>
<p>That's it. Every 10 seconds it sends an update to Octopus. You can use the app or the website to view your current consumption or to see your last 5 minutes or last 30 minutes usage.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.v-s-f.co.uk/2023/07/near-realtime-energy-consumption-data-with-octopus-home-mini/">If you're a dab-hand with the API, you can poll that</a>. Or you can connect it to HomeAssistant.</p>
<h2 id="downside"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#downside" class="heading-link">Downside</a></h2>
<p>In theory this is nifty, but there are a few things I'm not keen on.</p>
<ul>
<li>Export readings simply don't work for some brands of smart meter. That's an annoyance - my meter can send half-hourly readings for export, but the Mini just shows that I'm using zero Watts.</li>
<li>No local connection. It sends the data to Octopus, so I have to use their API to get the data. I'd like the ability to stream it directly from the Mini.</li>
<li>USB-micro. We live in the future. USB-C or GTFO!</li>
</ul>
<p>Honestly, a bit disappointing. If you don't have solar panels - or your meter works correctly - this could be very useful. Even so, the lack of an local API is a bit of a buzzkill. Sadly, for my purposes, it isn't very useful.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>6</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: The Martian Contingency by Mary Robinette Kowal ★★★★☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-martian-contingency-by-mary-robinette-kowal/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61166</id>
<updated>2025-06-24T11:46:55Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-26T11:34:19Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Mary Robinette Kowal"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[The Lady Astronaut books are an absolute triumph - it's just a shame that they've been somewhat overshadowed by the TV series "For All Mankind". They both follow a similar trajectory - what if women were an integral part of the early space race and helped us to colonise off-world? The books, thankfully, don't pad out as much as the rival show - this latest novel is tightly focussed and takes us …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-martian-contingency-by-mary-robinette-kowal/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/jpg_rgb_0650h-5-416x636-1.jpg" alt="Book cover featuring Astronauts on Mars." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61167"> The Lady Astronaut books are an absolute triumph - it's just a shame that they've been somewhat overshadowed by the TV series "For All Mankind". They both follow a similar trajectory - what if women were an integral part of the early space race and helped us to colonise off-world? The books, thankfully, don't pad out as much as the rival show - this latest novel is tightly focussed and takes us to the Mars base where <em>shenanigans</em> are afoot.</p>
<p>For a sci-fi nerd like me, it is total catnip. A heady mix of brain-tangling "what ifs" and the geeky joy of "<a href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/CompetencePorn">competency porn</a>". The language is gorgeous with some beautiful turns of phrase, and the pacing does an excellent job of ratcheting up the tension.</p>
<p>My only criticism is that Elma is <em>such</em> an ineffective character. She seems to forget that she's one of the most senior people on the mission and has the right - nay! the duty! - to get answers. Her lack of confidence isn't a quirky character flaw; it is a profoundly irritating co-star.</p>
<p>I love the world building, the jokey asides, and the sense of purpose all the characters have. The moral dilemmas and Politics are well articulated and don't feel tacked on. It's worth picking up the whole series.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>2</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Theatre Review: Just For One Day ★★★★⯪]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61592</id>
<updated>2025-06-25T08:30:23Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-25T11:34:07Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Theatre Review"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Leave your cynicism at the door. Jukebox musicals usually stick to a single-artist (Mamma Mia, & Juliet, Tommy). As a result, they all start to sound a bit samey after a few numbers. Shows like Return To The Forbidden planet shoe-horn in songs from a dozen artists without much regard to plot, tone, or pacing. Just For One Day goes down a different route. Rather than just recreate the famous…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JFOD.webp" alt="A crowd of singers." width="400" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61593"> Leave your cynicism at the door.</p>
<p>Jukebox musicals usually stick to a single-artist (Mamma Mia, & Juliet, Tommy). As a result, they all start to sound a bit samey after a few numbers. Shows like Return To The Forbidden planet shoe-horn in songs from a dozen artists without much regard to plot, tone, or pacing.</p>
<p>Just For One Day goes down a different route. Rather than just recreate the famous Live Aid concert with a procession of soundalikes, it attempts to tell the story <em>behind</em> the concert. In doing so, it chops dozens of songs into thousands of pieces and lets the snippets segue seamlessly into the prose. It entwines the songs into each other beautifully. A supremely talented cast backed with a superb live band - it is guaranteed to have you screaming and cheering.</p>
<p>The central plot device is a <em>little</em> silly - a mother who went to the concert is chiding her teenage daughter about political activism. It is a bit mawkish and gets the show off to a stage-schooly start. Similarly, the daughter's righteous indignation fuels her interrogation of Saint Geldof which, again, becomes a bit preachy.</p>
<p>But that's the nature of Live Aid. It <em>is</em> preachy. And for all the arguments about whether it was the <strong>right</strong> thing to do - at least it did <strong>something</strong>. The show doesn't gloss over some the problems - and problem personalities - behind the production. Nor does it shy away from the reality of the limits of the help provided. Albeit backed by joyous music.</p>
<p>I felt that it pulls its punches a little bit. Rather than showing any footage from the Ethiopian famine, it <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/bob-geldof-belfast-icc-ethiopia-barack-obama-b2423253.html">recycles a speech Geldof gave a few years ago</a>.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, it is a powerful and moving spectacle.</p>
<p>Oh, and there's a rap battle between Bob Geldof and Mrs Thatcher.</p>
<p>Tickets start at £20. The music is so loud, and the staging so expressive, that you'll get a decent view from the cheap seats.</p>
<p>Far better than the average jukebox musical.</p>
<h2 id="pre-show-and-post-show"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/#pre-show-and-post-show" class="heading-link">Pre-show and Post-show</a></h2>
<p>As regular readers of <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/tag/theatre-review/">my theatre reviews</a> know, I'm obsessed with how theatres treat their patrons.</p>
<p>Bag searches were conducted quickly, and they were happy to let me bring in a small plastic bottle of water. The Shaftesbury has spacious corridors and bars. There are plenty of toilets which - in a shocking departure from West End tradition - are well maintained.</p>
<p>There's a little bit of set dressing inside the theatre to allow the audience to take selfies with famous backdrops. That's cute - but it might have been nice if they'd added a few more, or even put up original posters, press clippings, etc.</p>
<p>As we exited the theatre we were handed a commemorative ticket! What a swell idea! I thought it contained a QR code to donate to <a href="https://www.bandaidtrust.co.uk/">the Band Aid Charitable Trust</a> or find out more about their projects. Instead it's a coupon for £20 off your next visit. That feels like a bit of a missed opportunity.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Reading NFC Passport Chips in Linux]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61546</id>
<updated>2025-06-24T12:12:53Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-24T11:34:49Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="CyberSecurity"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="hacking"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="linux"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="nfc"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="rfid"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[For boring and totally not nefarious reasons, I want to read all the data contained in my passport's NFC chip using Linux. After a long and annoying search, I settled on roeften's pypassport. I can now read all the passport information, including biometrics. Table of ContentsBackgroundRecreating the MRZPython code to generate an MRZCan you read a cancelled passport?Cryptography and other…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>For boring and totally not nefarious reasons, I want to read all the data contained in my passport's NFC chip using Linux. After a long and annoying search, I settled on <a href="https://github.com/roeften/pypassport">roeften's pypassport</a>.</p>
<p>I can now read all the passport information, including biometrics.</p>
<p></p><nav id="toc"><menu id="toc-start"><li id="toc-title"><h2 id="table-of-contents"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#table-of-contents" class="heading-link">Table of Contents</a></h2><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#background">Background</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#recreating-the-mrz">Recreating the MRZ</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#python-code-to-generate-an-mrz">Python code to generate an MRZ</a></li></menu></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport">Can you read a cancelled passport?</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#cryptography-and-other-security">Cryptography and other security</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-brute-force-a-passport">Can you brute-force a passport?</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password">Is it worth brute-forcing a password?</a></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#installing">Installing</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#getting-structured-data">Getting structured data</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#saving-the-image">Saving the image</a></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#what-didnt-work">What didn't work</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#mrtdreader">mrtdreader</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport">Jean-Francois Houzard's and Olivier Roger's pyPassport</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#beaujeans-pypassport">beaujean's pyPassport</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#d-logic">d-Logic</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#android-reader">Android reader</a></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-it">Is it worth it?</a></li></menu></li></menu></nav><p></p>
<h2 id="background"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#background" class="heading-link">Background</a></h2>
<p>The NFC chip in a passport is protected by a password. The password is printed on the inside of the physical passport. As well as needing to be physically close to the passport for NFC to work<sup id="fnref:long"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:long" class="footnote-ref" title="There are some commercially available long range readers - up to 15cm! I've no doubt some clever engineer has made a some high-powered radio device which can read things from a mile away using a…" role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>, you also need to be able to see the password. The password is printed in the "Machine Readable Zone" (MRZ) - which is why some border guards will swipe your passport through a reader before scanning the chip; they need the password and don't want to type it in.</p>
<p>I had a small problem though. I'm using my old passport<sup id="fnref:old"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:old" class="footnote-ref" title="I'm not dumb enough to do this stuff on a live passport!" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup> which <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancellation-of-passports/cancelling-british-passports-accessible#cancelling-epassport-version-2">has been cancelled</a>. Cancelling isn't just about revoking the document. It is also physically altered:</p>
<blockquote><p>Cut off the bottom left hand corner of the personal details page, making sure you cut the MRZ on the corner opposite the photo.</p></blockquote>
<p>So a chunk of the MRZ is missing! Oh no! Whatever can we do!?</p>
<h3 id="recreating-the-mrz"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#recreating-the-mrz" class="heading-link">Recreating the MRZ</a></h3>
<p>The password is made up of three pieces of data:</p>
<ol>
<li>Passport Number (Letters and Numbers)</li>
<li>Date of Birth (YYMMDD)</li>
<li>Expiry Date (YYMMDD)</li>
</ol>
<p>Each piece <em>also</em> has a checksum. This calculation is defined in Appendix A to <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf">Part 3 of Document 9303</a>.</p>
<p>Oh, and there's a checksum for the entire string. It's this final checksum which is cut off when the passport cover is snipped.</p>
<p>The final password is: <code>Number Number-checksum DOB DOB-checksum Expiry Expiry-checkum checksum-of-previous-digits</code></p>
<h4 id="python-code-to-generate-an-mrz"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#python-code-to-generate-an-mrz" class="heading-link">Python code to generate an MRZ</a></h4>
<p>If you know the passport number, date of birth, and expiry date, you can generate your own Machine Readable Zone - this acts as the password for the NFC chip.</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">def calculateChecksum( value ):
weighting = [7,3,1]
characterWeight = {
'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7,
'8': 8, '9': 9, '<': 0, 'A':10, 'B':11, 'C':12, 'D':13, 'E':14,
'F':15, 'G':16, 'H':17, 'I':18, 'J':19, 'K':20, 'L':21, 'M':22,
'N':23, 'O':24, 'P':25, 'Q':26, 'R':27, 'S':28, 'T':29, 'U':30,
'V':31, 'W':32, 'X':33, 'Y':34, 'Z':35
}
counter = 0
result = 0
for x in value:
result += characterWeight[str(x)] * weighting[counter%3]
counter += 1
return str(result%10)
def calculateMRZ( passportNumber, DOB, expiry ):
"""
DOB and expiry are formatted as YYMMDD
"""
passportCheck = calculateChecksum( passportNumber )
DOBCheck = calculateChecksum( DOB )
expiryCheck = calculateChecksum( expiry )
mrzNumber = passportNumber + passportCheck + DOB + DOBCheck + expiry + expiryCheck
mrzCheck = calculateChecksum( mrzNumber ).zfill(2)
mrz = passportNumber + passportCheck + "XXX" + DOB + DOBCheck + "X" + expiry + expiryCheck + "<<<<<<<<<<<<<<" + mrzCheck
return mrz
print( calculateMRZ("123456789", "841213", "220229") )
</code></pre>
<h2 id="can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport" class="heading-link">Can you read a cancelled passport?</a></h2>
<p>I would have thought that cutting the cover of the passport would destroy the antenna inside it. But, going back to <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancellation-of-passports/cancelling-british-passports-accessible#cancelling-epassport-version-2">the UK guidance</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>You must not cut the back cover on the ePassport</p></blockquote>
<p>Ah! That's where the NFC chip is. I presume this is so that cancelled passports can still be verified for authenticity.</p>
<h2 id="cryptography-and-other-security"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#cryptography-and-other-security" class="heading-link">Cryptography and other security</a></h2>
<p>The security is, thankfully, all fairly standard Public Key Cryptography - <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p11_cons_en.pdf">9303 part 11</a> explains it in <em>excruciating</em> levels of detail.</p>
<p>One thing I found curious - because the chip has no timer, it cannot know how often it is being read. You could bombard it with thousands of password attempts and not get locked out. Indeed, the specification says:</p>
<blockquote><p>the success probability of the attacker is given by the time the attacker has access to the IC, the duration of a single attempt to guess the password, and the entropy of the passport.</p></blockquote>
<h2 id="can-you-brute-force-a-passport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-brute-force-a-passport" class="heading-link">Can you brute-force a passport?</a></h2>
<p>Wellllll… maybeeeee…?</p>
<p>Passports are generally valid for only 10 years. So that's 36,525 possible expiry dates.</p>
<p>Passport holders are generally under 100 years old. So that's 3,652,500 possible dates of birth.</p>
<p>That's already 133,407,562,500 attempts - and we haven't even got on to the 1E24 possible passport numbers!</p>
<p>In my experiments, sending an incorrect but valid MRZ results in the chip returning "Security status not satisfied (0x6982)" in a very short space of time. Usually less than a second.</p>
<p>But sending that incorrect attempt seemed to introduce a delay in the next response - by a few seconds. Sending the correct MRZ seemed to reset this and let the chip be read instantly.</p>
<p>So, if you knew the target's passport number and birthday, brute forcing the expiry date would take a couple of days. Not instant, but not impossible.</p>
<p>Most <a href="https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/NTAG213_215_216.pdf">commercial NFC chips support 100,000 writes</a> with no limit for the number of reads. Some also have a 24 bit read counter which increments after every read attempt. After 16 million reads, the counter doesn't increment. It <em>could</em> be possible for a chip to self-destruct after a specific number of reads - but I've no evidence that passport chips do that.</p>
<h3 id="is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password" class="heading-link">Is it <em>worth</em> brute-forcing a password?</a></h3>
<p>If you were to brute-force the MRZ, you would discover the passport-holder's date of birth. You would also get:</p>
<ul>
<li>A digital copy of their photo,</li>
<li>Their full name,</li>
<li>Their sex<sup id="fnref:sex"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:sex" class="footnote-ref" title="Sex is complicated. But ICAO allow for "F for female, M for male, or X for unspecified"." role="doc-noteref">2</a></sup>,</li>
<li>The country which issued their passport, and</li>
<li>Their nationality.</li>
</ul>
<p>All of that is something which you can see from looking at the passport. So there's little value in attempting to read it electronically.</p>
<h2 id="installing"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#installing" class="heading-link">Installing</a></h2>
<p>As mentioned, I'm using <a href="https://github.com/roeften/pypassport">https://github.com/roeften/pypassport</a></p>
<p>The only library I needed to install was <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1/">pyasn1</a> using <code>pip3 install pyasn1</code> - your setup may vary.</p>
<p>Download PyPassport. In the same directory, you can create a test Python file to see if the passport can be read. Here's what it needs to contain:</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">from pypassport import epassport, reader
# Replace this MRZ with the one from your passport
MRZ = "1234567897XXX8412139X2202299<<<<<<<<<<<<<<04"
def trace(name, msg):
if name == "EPassport":
print(name + ": " + msg)
r = reader.ReaderManager().waitForCard()
ep = epassport.EPassport(r, MRZ)
ep.register(trace)
ep.readPassport()
</code></pre>
<p>Plug in your NFC reader, place your passport on it, run the above code. If it works, it will spit out a lot of debug information, including all the data it can find on the passport.</p>
<h2 id="getting-structured-data"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#getting-structured-data" class="heading-link">Getting structured data</a></h2>
<p>The structure of the passport data is a little convoluted. <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p10_cons_en.pdf">The specification</a> puts data into different "Data Groups" - each with its own ID.</p>
<p>By running:</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">ep.keys()
</code></pre>
<p>You can see which Data Groups are available. In my case, <code>['60', '61', '75', '77']</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>60</code> is the common area which contains some metadata. Nothing interesting there.</li>
<li><code>61</code> is DG1 - the full MRZ. This contains the holder's name, sex, nationality, etc.</li>
<li><code>77</code> is the Document Security Object - this was empty for me.</li>
<li><code>75</code> is DG2 to DG4 Biometric Templates - this contains the image and other metadata.</li>
</ul>
<p>Dumping the biometrics - <code>print( ep["75"] )</code> - gives these interesting pieces of metadata:</p>
<pre><code class="language-_">'83': '20190311201345',
'meta': { 'Expression': 'Unspecified',
'EyeColour' : 'Unspecified',
'FaceImageBlockLength': 19286,
'FaceImageType': 'Basic',
'FeatureMask': '000000',
'FeaturePoint': {0: {'FeaturePointCode': 'C1',
'FeatureType': '01',
'HorizontalPosition': 249,
'Reserved': '0000',
'VerticalPosition': 216},
1: {'FeaturePointCode': 'C2',
'FeatureType': '01',
'HorizontalPosition': 141,
'Reserved': '0000',
'VerticalPosition': 214}},
'Features': {},
'Gender': 'Unspecified',
'HairColour': 'Unspecified',
'ImageColourSpace': 'RGB24',
'ImageDataType': 'JPEG',
'ImageDeviceType': 0,
'ImageHeight': 481,
'ImageQuality': 'Unspecified',
'ImageSourceType': 'Static Scan',
'ImageWidth': 385,
'LengthOfRecord': 19300,
'NumberOfFacialImages': 1,
'NumberOfFeaturePoint': 2,
'PoseAngle': '0600B5',
'PoseAngleUncertainty': '000000',
'VersionNumber': b'010'
}
</code></pre>
<p>If I understand <a href="https://www.icao.int/security/mrtd/siteassets/pages/technical-reports/tr%20-%20rf%20and%20protocol%20testing%20part%204%20v2.10.pdf">the testing document</a> - the "Feature Points" are the middle of the eyes. Interesting to see that gender (not sex!) and hair colour are also able to be recorded. The "PoseAngle" represents the <a href="https://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/TRIP/Documents/TR%20-%20Portrait%20Quality%20v1.0.pdf">pitch, yaw, and roll</a> of the face.</p>
<h3 id="saving-the-image"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#saving-the-image" class="heading-link">Saving the image</a></h3>
<p>Passport images are saved either with JPEG or with <a href="https://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/TRIP/Documents/TR%20-%20Portrait%20Quality%20v1.0.pdf">JPEG2000 encoding</a>. Given the extremely limited memory available photos are small and highly compressed. Mine was a mere 19KB.</p>
<p>To save the image, grab the bytes and plonk them onto disk:</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">photo = ep["75"]["A1"]["5F2E"]
with open( "photo.jpg", "wb" ) as f:
f.write( photo )
</code></pre>
<p>As expected, the "FeaturePoints" co-ordinates corresponded roughly to the centre of my eyes. Nifty!</p>
<h2 id="what-didnt-work"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#what-didnt-work" class="heading-link">What didn't work</a></h2>
<p>I tried a few different tools. Listed here so you don't make the same mistakes as me!</p>
<h3 id="mrtdreader"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#mrtdreader" class="heading-link">mrtdreader</a></h3>
<p>The venerable <a href="https://github.com/rubund/mrtdreader">mrtdreader</a>. My NFC device beeped, then mrtdreader said "No NFC device found."</p>
<p>I think this is because <a href="https://github.com/nfc-tools/libnfc/issues/719">NFC Tools haven't been updated in ages</a>.</p>
<h3 id="jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport" class="heading-link">Jean-Francois Houzard's and Olivier Roger's pyPassport</a></h3>
<p>I looked at <a href="https://code.google.com/archive/p/pypassport/">pyPassport</a> but it is only available for Python 2.</p>
<h3 id="beaujeans-pypassport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#beaujeans-pypassport" class="heading-link">beaujean's pyPassport</a></h3>
<p>This <a href="https://github.com/beaujeant/pypassport">pypassport</a> only checks if a passport is resistant to specific security vulnerabilities.</p>
<h3 id="d-logic"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#d-logic" class="heading-link">d-Logic</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://www.d-logic.com/nfc-rfid-reader-sdk/software/epassport-reading/">Digital Logic's ePassport software</a> only works with their hardware readers.</p>
<h3 id="android-reader"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#android-reader" class="heading-link">Android reader</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tananaev/passport-reader">tananaev's passport-reader</a> - works perfectly on Android. So I knew my passport chip was readable - but the app won't run on Linux.</p>
<h2 id="is-it-worth-it"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-it" class="heading-link">Is it worth it?</a></h2>
<p>Yeah, I reckon so! Realistically, you aren't going to be able to crack the MRZ to read someone's passport. But if you need to gather personal information<sup id="fnref:gdpr"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:gdpr" class="footnote-ref" title="Under the auspices of GDPR, of course!" role="doc-noteref">3</a></sup>, it's perfectly possible to do so quickly from a passport.</p>
<p>The MRZ is a <em>Machine Readable</em> Zone - so it is fairly simple to OCR the text and then pass that to your NFC reader.</p>
<p>And even if the MRZ is gone, you can reconstruct it from the data printed on the passport.</p>
<p>Of course, this won't be able to detect fraudulent passports. It doesn't check against a database to see if it has been revoked<sup id="fnref:interpol"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:interpol" class="footnote-ref" title="Nor does it check if the holder is on some Interpol list." role="doc-noteref">4</a></sup>. I don't think it will detect any cryptographic anomalies.</p>
<p>But if you just want to see what's on your travel documents, it works perfectly.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:long" role="doc-endnote">
<p>There are some <a href="https://www.shopnfc.com/en/nfc-readers-writers/300-nfc-xl-reader-long-range-hf-reader.html">commercially available long range readers</a> - up to 15cm! I've no doubt some clever engineer has made a some high-powered radio device which can read things from a mile away using a <a href="https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-make-a-wifi-antenna-out-of-a-pringles-can-nb/">Pringle's tube</a>. Of note, the <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p11_cons_en.pdf">ICAO guidance</a> says:</p>
<blockquote><p>the unencrypted communication between a contactless IC and a reader can be eavesdropped within a distance of several metres.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:long" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:old" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I'm not dumb enough to do this stuff on a <em>live</em> passport! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:old" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:sex" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Sex is complicated<sup id="fnref:giggle"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:giggle" class="footnote-ref" title="Stop giggling at the back!" role="doc-noteref">5</a></sup>. But ICAO allow for "<a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf">F for female, M for male, or X for unspecified</a>". <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:sex" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:gdpr" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Under the auspices of GDPR, of course! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:gdpr" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:interpol" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Nor does it check if the holder is on some Interpol list. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:interpol" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:giggle" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Stop giggling at the back! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:giggle" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
<link rel="replies" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#comments" thr:count="8"/>
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<thr:total>8</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[An annoying SVG animation bug in Chrome]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61537</id>
<updated>2025-06-23T09:03:34Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-23T11:34:12Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="bug"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="chrome"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="chromium"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="svg"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Writing web standards is hard. You have to write a formal specification which is useful for machines, humans, and web developers. I recently stumbled across what I think is a little bug which might be caused by a misreading of the SVG Animation specification. Here you should see two overlapping circles gradually appear: If you're on Chrome, you…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Writing web standards is hard<sup id="fnref:experience"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:experience" class="footnote-ref" title="I do have some experience in this matter." role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>. You have to write a formal specification which is useful for machines, humans, and web developers<sup id="fnref:webdev"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:webdev" class="footnote-ref" title="Back in 2006, Catharine A. MacKinnon provokatively asked "Are Women Human?". Her argument (which I shall badly summarise) is that if women were human, then they'd be protected by universal human…" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup>.</p>
<p>I recently stumbled across what I think is a little bug which <em>might</em> be caused by a misreading of <a href="https://svgwg.org/specs/animations/#KeyTimesAttribute">the SVG Animation specification</a>. Here you should see two overlapping circles gradually appear:</p>
<svg width="170" height="170" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path fill="#2c4169" d="M170 0H0v170h170z"></path>
<circle r="45" cx="50" cy="50" fill="#e4da2e" opacity="0">
<animate attributeName="opacity" begin="0s" dur="30s" values="0; 1;" keyTimes="0; 1" fill="freeze"></animate>
</circle>
<circle r="45" cx="80" cy="80" fill="red" opacity="0">
<animate attributeName="opacity" begin="0s" dur="30s" values="0; 1;" keyTimes="0; 1;" fill="freeze"></animate>
</circle>
</svg>
<p>If you're on Chrome, you might only see one circle animate. Why? Bloody semicolons! The bane of every programmer's existence<sup id="fnref:eng"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:eng" class="footnote-ref" title="I imagine English literature students also find them confusing; everyone does." role="doc-noteref">2</a></sup>.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://svgwg.org/specs/animations/#KeyTimesAttribute">specification for SVG Animation</a> has this text for human readers:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>keyTimes</strong></p>
<p>A semicolon-separated list of time values used to control the pacing of the animation. Each time in the list corresponds to a value in the ‘values’ attribute list, and defines when the value is used in the animation function.</p>
<p>[…]</p>
<p>If the last semicolon separator is followed by either just white space or no more characters, ignore both the separator and the trailing white space.</p></blockquote>
<p>To me, that isn't ambiguous. The text <code>keyTimes="0; 1;"</code> has a final semicolon with nothing after it. Therefore it should be ignored. Instead, Chrome throws an hissyfit and says <code>Error: <animate> attribute keyTimes: Invalid value, "0; 1;".</code></p>
<p>But maybe the humans who wrote the description were sloppy. There's also a machine-readable formal specification. It defines the acceptable sequence as being:</p>
<p><code><number> [; <number>]* ;?</code></p>
<p>This isn't quite Backus–Naur form<sup id="fnref:bnf"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:bnf" class="footnote-ref" title="Also the bane of programmers everywhere!" role="doc-noteref">3</a></sup>, but rather <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#value-defs">CSS Values</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code><number></code> is a <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-types">component</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> are <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-combinators">grouping combinators</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>*</code> and <code>?</code> are <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-multipliers">component multipliers</a>
<ul>
<li><code>*</code> "indicates that the preceding type, word, or group occurs zero or more times."</li>
<li><code>?</code> "indicates that the preceding type, word, or group is optional (occurs zero or one times)."</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The <code>;</code> is just a semicolon<sup id="fnref:cig"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:cig" class="footnote-ref" title="Just like how sometimes a cigar is just a cigar." role="doc-noteref">4</a></sup>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Reading the definition tells us that a valid value will be a number, followed by zero-or-more groups of "semicolon and another number" with an optional final semicolon.</p>
<p>So, based on my reading, I think Chrome is wrong to throw an error here. Both Firefox and Safari work with a trailing semicolon.</p>
<p>Accordingly, I've <a href="https://issues.chromium.org/issues/427020732">raised a bug with the Chromium team</a>. If you think I have erred in this matter, please let me know.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:experience" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I do have <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-html53-20180426/">some experience in this matter</a>. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:experience" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:webdev" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Back in 2006, Catharine A. MacKinnon provokatively asked "<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrvck">Are Women Human?</a>". Her argument (which I shall badly summarise) is that if women <em>were</em> human, then they'd be protected by universal human rights. Given the state of the world then (and now) it is hard to argue that women receive as great a level of attention as the <a href="https://www.the-tls.com/politics-society/rights-equality/default-male">default male</a>. I don't intend to trivialise MacKinnon's work - but I do find it interesting that developers are often treated separately from other humans. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:webdev" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:eng" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I imagine English literature students also find them confusing; everyone does. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:eng" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:bnf" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Also the bane of programmers everywhere! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:bnf" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:cig" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Just like how <a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/08/12/just-a-cigar/">sometimes a cigar is just a cigar</a>. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:cig" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>1</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Theatre Review: Operation Mincemeat ★★★★☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61507</id>
<updated>2025-06-22T09:14:43Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-22T11:34:01Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Theatre Review"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Everyone I know told me to go and see this show. I resisted as long as possible but managed to score cheap last-minute tickets via a friend. I wish I hadn't waited so long! If you're unaware of the book (or the film. Or the novelisation of the film. Or the Twitter thread. Or the inaccurate tumblr retelling.) the story involves a dastardly British plan to use a corpse to fool the Nazi menace…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Operation_Mincemeat-1-400-400-100-nocrop.jpeg" alt="Logo for Operation Mincemeat - a black scribble on a yellow background." width="200" height="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61508"> Everyone I know told me to go and see this show. I resisted as long as possible but managed to score cheap last-minute tickets via a friend. I wish I hadn't waited so long!</p>
<p>If you're unaware of the book (or the film. Or the novelisation of the film. Or the Twitter thread. Or the inaccurate tumblr retelling.) the story involves a dastardly British plan to use a corpse to fool the Nazi menace into diverting their troops.</p>
<p>So, naturally, this is a glitzy West End Musical. And, as befitting a story with a hundred different characters, there are five cast members playing everyone. Obviously, it is <em>very</em> silly.</p>
<p>I can't lie - I found the start of the first act a bit underwhelming. It feels derivative of every other musical I've seen; like a British "Hamilton" without the budget. But as it wore on, something magical happened. The songs become interesting, the choreography leaps alive, and the cast started playing off the audience’s energy.</p>
<p>The second act has the strongest opening I've seen in a good long while. It builds to a terrific conclusion - with just the right amount of joy and melancholy.</p>
<p>Naturally, the cast are superb. It's exhausting watching them quick-change and shimmy across the stage. They are a beautifully formed ensemble. I usually don't like seeing shows multiple times, but given the frequent cast changes I find myself curious about how the various permutations work.</p>
<p>It is an excellent and kinetic work of theatre. It revels in its daftness and knows exactly when to tug your heartstrings.</p>
<h2 id="pre-show"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/#pre-show" class="heading-link">Pre-Show</a></h2>
<p>Regular readers know how much I love discussing the pre-show elements. Mincemeat isn't as bad as most, but still treats the paying audience with the contempt London venues are known for.</p>
<p>The theatre is cramped, with a packed bar, and inadequate toilet facilities. The corridors are decorated with photos of current cast members, which is nice. There's also a pre-show trivia quiz which, while fun, is only half-a-dozen questions - essentially a thinly veiled attempt to get you onto a mailing list.</p>
<p>The cost of the programme is exorbitant - an advert filled brochure with the same information as can be found on the website.</p>
<p>On the plus side, the stall seats are spacious and there's a bar to one side (if you can afford it).</p>
<p>A single "cheap" ticket usually costs about 3-months of Netflix. Full price tickets are a monocle-popping 7-months of Netflix! At that price I'd expect a free souvenir programme and a complimentary ice-cream. And possibly a foot-massage.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://operationmincemeat.com/tickets/">ticket lottery</a> reduces prices to a shade under 2-months of Netflix.</p>
<p>There's nothing like seeing live theatre performed by a hyper-talented cast. Theatres need to understand that home entertainment is ubiquitous, cheap, <strong>and comfortable</strong>. If I can't pause your show to go for a wee, you'd better make sure you have enough loos for everyone at the interval.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>0</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: Venomous Lumpsucker by Ned Beauman ★★★★★]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-venomous-lumpsucker-by-ned-beauman/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61183</id>
<updated>2025-06-13T09:16:16Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-21T11:34:56Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="satire"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Sci Fi"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[No book has the right to be this good. It's the sort of howling sci-fi satire that Ben Elton used to excel at - a novel set five minutes in the future with a eye firmly on today's problems. The plot is delightful - what if carbon credits extinction credits were the new capitalist plaything? What second, third, and forth order effects would that have on the world? The worldbuilding is sublime -…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-venomous-lumpsucker-by-ned-beauman/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hbg-title-venomous-lumpsucker-4-1.webp" alt="Book cover with fish." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61184"> No book has the right to be this good. It's the sort of howling sci-fi satire that Ben Elton used to excel at - a novel set five minutes in the future with a eye firmly on today's problems.</p>
<p>The plot is delightful - what if <del>carbon credits</del> extinction credits were the new capitalist plaything? What second, third, and forth order effects would that have on the world? The worldbuilding is sublime - with an prescient look at the evolution of DRM, Smart Contracts, AI assistants, and targetted assassinations.</p>
<p>The characters are perfectly fleshed out and gradually reveal their motivations and insecurities:</p>
<blockquote><p>one big thing about the socially normal was that they loved their social norms. Whereas Resaint couldn’t stand the politics, the niceties, the meetings where she had to spangle her expression and tone of voice with false enthusiasm just so people didn’t think she was a bitch.</p></blockquote>
<p>There is a <em>slight</em> tendency towards Socratic dialogue as a means of exposition. The satire itself isn't exactly subtle - but when it has this many twists and turns I can forgive it for laying it on a bit thick.</p>
<p>The ending(s) genuinely shocked me.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>2</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Convert Shotwell Photo Metadata to Digikam Metadata]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/convert-shotwell-photo-metadata-to-digikam-metadata/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61338</id>
<updated>2025-06-13T09:16:21Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-20T11:34:37Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="cli"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="HowTo"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="linux"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Mostly notes to myself. Shotwell stores most of its information in a database. Which I lost. Because I'm an idiot. But a bunch of metadata is also stored in the image's EXIF metadata! Most importantly is the "Original File Name" which should become the "Description" in DigiKam. Unfortunately, there's no way to copy those values automatically on import. So here's a one-liner which will read…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/convert-shotwell-photo-metadata-to-digikam-metadata/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Mostly notes to myself.</p>
<p>Shotwell stores most of its information in a database. Which I lost. Because I'm an idiot.</p>
<p>But a bunch of metadata is <em>also</em> stored in the image's EXIF metadata!</p>
<p>Most importantly is the "Original File Name" which should become the "Description" in DigiKam. Unfortunately, there's no way to copy those values automatically on import.</p>
<p>So here's a one-liner which will read the "Original File Name" and store it in the "Title" EXIF - ready for DigiKam to parse!</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">exiftool "-XMP-dc:Title<XMP-getty:OriginalFileName" whatever.jpg
</code></pre>
<p>If you want to make sure any existing Title isn't overwritten, use:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">exiftool "-XMP-dc:Title<${XMP-getty:OriginalFileName}" -if "not defined $XMP-dc:Title" whatever.jpg
</code></pre>
<p>Finally, to do it recursively, across all files:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">exiftool -r "-XMP-dc:Title<${XMP-getty:OriginalFileName}" -if "not defined $XMP-dc:Title" /path/to/images
</code></pre>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>0</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: If Only They Didn't Speak English - Notes From Trump's America by Jon Sopel ★★⯪☆☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-if-only-they-didnt-speak-english-notes-from-trumps-america-by-jon-sopel/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61202</id>
<updated>2025-06-19T13:22:45Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-19T11:34:55Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="politics"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I expected so much more from this book. It starts with a central thesis - the UK over-indexes on America because we speak the same language, but there is an enormous gulf in attitudes between the two nations. We rarely hear on the news what's happening in France, Germany, or Ireland even though they're much closer geographically, politically, and culturally. That sounds like a pretty good book! …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-if-only-they-didnt-speak-english-notes-from-trumps-america-by-jon-sopel/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cover.jpg" alt="Book Cover." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61203"> I expected so much more from this book. It starts with a central thesis - the UK over-indexes on America because we speak the same language, but there is an enormous gulf in attitudes between the two nations. We rarely hear on the news what's happening in France, Germany, or Ireland even though they're much closer geographically, politically, and culturally.</p>
<p>That sounds like a pretty good book!</p>
<p>Instead, we get "what I learned on my holiday to the USA by Jon Sopel aged 57 and ¾".</p>
<p>We learn, for example, that America likes guns. There's a <em>bit</em> of an analysis of why and how lobbying shapes it, but it is fairly surface-level stuff. There's a little bit of a comparison with the UK's attitudes, but not much. Similarly, they're much more religious, racist, and have a convoluted relationship with the truth. Their constitution, elections, and media landscape are also different. It feels like pop-facts rather than anything deeper.</p>
<p>There are some brilliant insider anecdotes which, thankfully, don't stray into fawning name-dropping. For example, this little nugget about the Hillary Clinton victory rally that never was:</p>
<blockquote><p>Throughout the evening two men were posted to each corner of our broadcast ‘riser’ and they sat at machines with large conical funnels pointing upwards. These were the machines that would launch into the air millions of shards of shiny paper to recreate the effect of a glass ceiling shattering.</p></blockquote>
<p>He also makes some grimly accurate prophesies:</p>
<blockquote><p>And are you really going to start a trade war with China – and everyone else for that matter, with all the consequences that might bring for the global economy?</p></blockquote>
<p>Towards the end, when discussing how Trump came to dominate, he says:</p>
<blockquote><p>Books much weightier than this will be written about the abject failure of the conventional media to comprehend fully the parameters of this new world</p></blockquote>
<p>I think I was expecting this to be a bit weightier and to set out some way forward.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Why do people have such dramatically different experiences using AI?]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/why-do-people-have-such-dramatically-different-experiences-using-ai/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61410</id>
<updated>2025-06-18T13:33:24Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-18T11:34:09Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="AI"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="LLM"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[For some people, it seems, AI is an amazing machine which - while fallible - represents an incredible leap forward in productivity. For other people, it seems, AI is wrong more often than right and - although occasionally useful - requires constant supervision. Who is right? I recently pointed out a few common problems with LLMs. I was discussing this with someone relatively senior who works…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/why-do-people-have-such-dramatically-different-experiences-using-ai/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>For some people, it seems, AI is an amazing machine which - while fallible - represents an incredible leap forward in productivity.</p>
<p>For other people, it seems, AI is wrong more often than right and - although occasionally useful - requires constant supervision.</p>
<p>Who is right?</p>
<p>I recently pointed out <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/large-language-models-and-pareidolia/">a few common problems with LLMs</a>. I was discussing this with someone relatively senior who works on Google's Gemini. I explained that <em>every</em> time I get a Google AI overview it is wrong. Sometimes obviously wrong, sometimes subtly wrong. I asked if that was really the experience of AI Google wanted to promote? My friend replied (lightly edited for clarity):</p>
<blockquote><p>I find AI Overview to be helpful for my searches and my work. I use it all the time to look up technical terms and hardware specs.</p></blockquote>
<p>I, somewhat impolitely, called bullshit and sent a couple of screenshots of recent cases where Google was just laughably wrong. He replied:</p>
<blockquote><p>Interesting. We are seeing the opposite.</p></blockquote>
<p>Why is that?</p>
<p>I'll happily concede that LLMs are reasonable at outputting stuff which <em>looks</em> plausible and - in many cases - that's all that's necessary. If I can't remember which command line switch to use, AI is easier than crappy documentation. Similarly, if I don't know how to program a specific function, most AIs are surprisingly decent at providing me with something which <em>mostly</em> works.</p>
<p>But the more I know about something, the less competent the AI seems to be.</p>
<p>Let me give you a good example.</p>
<p>At my friend's prompting, I asked Gemini to OCR an old newspaper clipping. It is a decent resolution scan of English text printed in columns. The sort of thing a million AI projects have been trained on. Here's a sample:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Children.webp" alt="Scan of some text." width="437" height="174" class="size-full wp-image-61413">
<p>So what did Gemini make of it when asked to extract the text from it?</p>
<blockquote>Children at Witham's Chip-<br>
ping Hill Infants School are en-<br>
gaged in trying out all sorts of<br>
imaginations ready for October<br>
31... "And god knows what<br>
strange spirits will be abroad."<br></blockquote>
<p>That reads pretty well. It is <em>utterly</em> wrong, but it is convincing. This isn't a one-off either. Later in the clipping was this:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Witch.webp" alt="Scan of some text." width="425" height="229" class="size-full wp-image-61412">
<p>I'm sure a child of 6 could read that aloud without making any mistakes. Is Gemini as smart as a 6-year-old?</p>
<blockquote>All the children say halloween<br>
is fun. So it is for 6-year-old<br>
Joanne Kirby admits she will be<br>
staying up to watch on October<br>
31, just in case. She has made a<br>
paper "witch," to "tell stories<br>
about witches," she said.<br></blockquote>
<p>Again, superficially right, but not accurate in the slightest.</p>
<p>There were half a dozen mistakes in a 300 word article. That, frankly, is shit. I could have copy-typed it and made fewer mistakes. I probably spent more time correcting the output than I saved by using AI.</p>
<p>Boring old Tesseract - a mainstay of OCR - did far better. Yes, it might occasionally mistake a speck of dust for a comma or confuse two similar characters - but it has never invented new sentences!</p>
<p>Like a fool, I asked Gemini what was going on:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GeminiShit.webp" alt="Me: That's a really bad job. You've invented lots of words which aren't there. Try again. Gemini: I understand you weren't satisfied with the previous transcription. Unfortunately, I can't directly perform OCR on images. However, there are many apps available that can do this. You can search online for 'OCR apps' to find one that suits your needs." width="1024" height="375" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61411">
<p><a href="https://g.co/gemini/share/af5e6ed3d1ea">Here's a link to the conversation if you don't believe me</a>.</p>
<p>This isn't just a problem with Gemini - ChatGPT also invented brand-new sentences when scanning the text.</p>
<blockquote><p>All the children say Halloween is fun, rather than frightening. Six-year-old Joanne Kirby admits she will be “a scary little witch” on the night, but she does like ghost stories.</p></blockquote>
<p>So what's going on?</p>
<blockquote class="bluesky-embed" data-bluesky-uri="at://did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v/app.bsky.feed.post/3lrstc3b2l227" data-bluesky-cid="bafyreidpyzj4sdakngcubvh4hzusyw5ub54zqhr6wc3evio4eghvlnvw5q"><p lang="en">A question one has to ask of any source, including LLMs but also newspapers, influencers, podcasts, books, etc., is "how would I know if they were wrong?"This is not a prompt to doubt everything – down that path is denialism – but about reflecting on how much you rely on even "trusted" sources.</p>— <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v?ref_src=embed">Adrian Hon (@adrianhon.bsky.social)</a> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v/post/3lrstc3b2l227?ref_src=embed">2025-06-17T15:39:06.772Z</a></blockquote>
<script async="" src="https://embed.bsky.app/static/embed.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<p>With OCR, it is simple. I can read the ground-truth and see how it compares to the generated output. I don't have to trust; I can verify.</p>
<p>I suppose I mostly use AI for things with which I have a passing familiarity. I can quickly see when it is wrong. I've never used it for, say, tax advice or instructions to dismantle a nuclear bomb. I'd have zero idea if the information it spat back was in any way accurate.</p>
<p>Is that the difference? If you don't understand what you're asking for then you can't judge whether you're being mugged off.</p>
<p>Or is there something more fundamentally different between users which results in this disparity of experience?</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-t-shirt-which-says-Dunning-and-Kruger-and-Gell-and-Mann.jpeg" alt="A t-shirt which says Dunning and Kruger and Gell and Mann." width="540" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-35422">
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: Beyond Measure - The Hidden History of Measurement by James Vincent ★★★★⯪]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-beyond-measure-the-hidden-history-of-measurement-by-james-vincent/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61180</id>
<updated>2025-06-06T10:13:46Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-17T11:34:39Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="history"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[This is a charming travelogue through the confusing and contradictory world of measurement. It has a similar thesis to Seeing Like A State by James C. Scott and is infinitely easier to read than Inventing Temperature by Hasok Chang Emanuele Lugli has noted, units of measurement are, for the powerful, ‘sly tools of subjugation’. Each time they’re deployed, they turn the world ‘into a place that …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-beyond-measure-the-hidden-history-of-measurement-by-james-vincent/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beyond-Measure-447x690-1.jpg" alt="Book cover." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61181"> This is a charming travelogue through the confusing and contradictory world of measurement. It has a similar thesis to <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2021/11/book-review-seeing-like-a-state-james-c-scott/">Seeing Like A State by James C. Scott</a> and is infinitely easier to read than <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2023/05/book-review-inventing-temperature-hasok-chang/">Inventing Temperature by Hasok Chang</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Emanuele Lugli has noted, units of measurement are, for the powerful, ‘sly tools of subjugation’. Each time they’re deployed, they turn the world ‘into a place that continues to make sense as long as the power that legitimises the measurements rests in place’.</p></blockquote>
<p>One thing that struck me was how often we squash measurements down into something human and usable.</p>
<blockquote><p>As Kula notes, many historical studies of medieval metrology refer to the ‘primitivism’ and ‘crudity’ of elastic units, but in reality they are well fitted to the needs of the people who used them, embodying the relationship of humans to the land and capturing the necessities of their work.</p></blockquote>
<p>Americans (wrongly) claim that Fahrenheit feels more natural. It doesn't; they're just used to it. But it does show that we have a bias for familiarity which stops the adoption of new forms and scales.</p>
<p>It dives into the human, social, and religious requirements for measurement. I particularly liked this little aside:</p>
<blockquote><p>It’s perhaps due to this symbolic potency that the Bible mentions measurement more often than it does charity.</p></blockquote>
<p>It is also a good compliment to <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-a-history-of-the-world-in-47-borders-the-stories-behind-the-lines-on-our-maps-by-jonn-elledge/">A History of the World in 47 Borders</a> - it shows how measurement lead to conquest, colonialism, and social upheaval.</p>
<p>Rather delightfully, the author goes a little gonzo and reports first-hand from various measurement sites. This isn't a dusty retelling of some encyclopædia article, it is a living exploration of the ritual around measurement. At times it appears that science and religion have an equal fervour for ceremony and obedience.</p>
<p>There is particular ire for the cultish weirdos of the Quantified Self movement, and it loops back to how measurement is a way for the uneasy to impose a sense of order on the world.</p>
<p>I found it a little too credulous about <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2020/02/weeknotes-reading-week/#the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-shoshana-zuboff">Zuboff's work on surveillance</a>, but that's a minor criticism.</p>
<p>An excellent book for anyone interested in both the philosophy and practicality of measurement.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Your Password Algorithm Sucks]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61259</id>
<updated>2025-06-25T19:59:11Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-16T11:34:07Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="CyberSecurity"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="passwords"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="security"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[There are two sorts of people in the world; those who know they are stupid and those who think they are clever. Stupid people use a password manager. They know they can't remember a hundred different passwords and so outsource the thinking to something reasonably secure. I'm a stupid person and am very happy to have BitWarden generate and save fiendishly complex unique passwords which are then…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>There are two sorts of people in the world; those who know they are stupid and those who think they are clever.</p>
<p>Stupid people use a password manager. They know they can't remember a hundred different passwords and so outsource the thinking to something reasonably secure. I'm a stupid person and am very happy to have BitWarden generate and save fiendishly complex unique passwords which are then protected by the app's MFA. Lovely!</p>
<p>But people who think they are clever decide to bypass that and use their own super-secret algorithm.</p>
<p>Every clever person's algorithm boils down to the same thing:</p>
<ol>
<li>Have a single strong main password.</li>
<li>Add to it some information related to the service.</li>
</ol>
<p>For example <code>P@ssw0rd!_facebook</code> and <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin</code>. On the surface, that's quite an attractive proposition. You remember one thing and you don't need to trust a password manager.</p>
<p>People who are <em>extra</em> clever use the same algorithm but wrap it in a command-line function which XORs both pieces of data, creates a SHA-512 hash, takes every prime numbered bit, converts to ASCII, and uses <em>that</em> to generate a password. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls5BFzuxGw4">Smart!</a></p>
<p>Either way, these algorithms <strong>suck!</strong> Let me explain why.</p>
<h2 id="password-leaking"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-leaking" class="heading-link">Password Leaking</a></h2>
<p>One day, LinkedIn decides to <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/blog/member/trust-and-safety/protecting-our-members">LeakedOut its users' passwords</a>. Anyone who can see <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin</code> can make a pretty good guess at your password for Facebook, banking, dating, and shopping etc. This means you now need to change <em>every</em> password that you have.</p>
<p>Even if you have used some amazing cryptographic powerhouse of an algorithm, there's still a chance you'll accidentally leak it or get so paranoid that you decide to invalidate it. Now you need to change your password on hundreds of sites.</p>
<h2 id="password-rotation"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-rotation" class="heading-link">Password Rotation</a></h2>
<p>We all know that it is <a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/collection/passwords/updating-your-approach">a bad idea to ask your users to regularly change their passwords</a> - yet sites often persist in doing so.</p>
<p>How does your algorithm cope with this?</p>
<p>Do you have to remember that it is <code>P@ssw0rd!_facebook_1</code> and <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin_23</code>?</p>
<p>Perhaps you'll write down all the suffixes and find a way to store them securely - like, say, a password manager?</p>
<h2 id="password-requirements"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-requirements" class="heading-link">Password Requirements</a></h2>
<p>One site says "Your password <em>must</em> contain a special character and a number" another says "You can use any special character <em>except</em> % or ?" another refuses to let your password contain two consecutive identical characters, or it <em>must</em> start with a number, or it cannot be longer than 12 characters. Yes, I know password rules like this aren't sensible - but they <em>are</em> common.</p>
<p>How does your algorithm cope with that?</p>
<p>If you manually have to tweak a couple of dozen passwords generated by your algorithm, you are going to tie yourself in knots remembering the arcane requirements for each one.</p>
<h2 id="be-stupid-use-a-password-manager"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#be-stupid-use-a-password-manager" class="heading-link">Be Stupid - Use A Password Manager</a></h2>
<p>Humans are stupid<sup id="fnref:not"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#fn:not" class="footnote-ref" title="Not you, of course. You're mummy's extra-special boy who never makes mistakes." role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>. Humans get tired, forgetful, or sick. Our delicious meaty brains are not optimised to remember long strings of complex information or hundreds of rarely used combinations. Knowing that you know not is a super-power. It allows you to offload things that you don't understand to something more competent.</p>
<p>Pick a password manager. Secure it with a reasonably strong password and multi-factor authentication. Let it do the hard work of remembering.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:not" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Not you, of course. You're mummy's extra-special boy who never makes mistakes. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#fnref:not" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: What We Talk About When We Talk About Books - The History and Future of Reading by Leah Price ★★★★★]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-books-the-history-and-future-of-reading-by-leah-price/"/>
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61169</id>
<updated>2025-06-05T20:36:34Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-15T11:34:55Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/"/>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review"/>
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Is reading a morally good pastime? Do eBooks rot the brain in the same way that pulp paperbacks do? Should people of feeble character be allowed unfettered access to books? Show me how you want to read, and I’ll show you who you want to be. Leah Price has produced a pithy and astonishing look at what books were and whether they will survive. It is, perhaps, a little overwrought and o…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-books-the-history-and-future-of-reading-by-leah-price/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/97804650426851.webp" alt="Book cover featuring twisted book pages." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61170"> Is reading a morally good pastime? Do eBooks rot the brain in the same way that pulp paperbacks do? Should people of feeble character be allowed unfettered access to books?</p>
<blockquote><p>Show me how you want to read, and I’ll show you who you want to be.</p></blockquote>
<p>Leah Price has produced a pithy and astonishing look at what books were and whether they will survive. It is, perhaps, a little overwrought and overwritten - but I revelled in the its joyous use of language.</p>
<blockquote><p>Perhaps print is to digital as Madonna is to whore: we worship one but use the other.</p></blockquote>
<p>It put forwards some provocative arguments and isn't afraid to show the counterpoint in its footnotes.</p>
<blockquote><p>Same text, different books: the very same sequence of words means something different—does something different—depending on whether it’s made for a desk or a pocket, a classroom or a church. Comparing these two editions of the same text makes visible how much of our reaction to a book is shaped by factors other than the words it contains. Its look and feel and smell instruct us wordlessly in how and why to read it—alone or in company, in search of learning or of salvation.</p></blockquote>
<p>How does DRM affect this, I wonder? If books are locked down then they cannot be analysed. Conversely, when every reader can choose their own font and hyphenation strategy, do we lose some collective experience?</p>
<p>Similarly, eReaders don't display their cover to fellow passengers on public transport. A boon for the privacy conscious, but means we lose the social signal that simply <em>everyone</em> is reading this new book.</p>
<p>Is reading for everyone?</p>
<blockquote><p>Once a sign of economic power, reading has become the province of those whose time lacks value.</p></blockquote>
<p>Harsh! The whole book is a powerful argument that books are a powerful argument. No matter what form the words are delivered in, some paranoid Moms will always want to see books from library shelves untimely ripp'd. There are, of course, an equal and opposite set of mothers who protest against cuts to literacy funding.</p>
<p>I sometimes wonder if any modern techbro CEOs have ever picked up a history book. Back in 1913, Thomas Edison was asked about the education powers of his new invention - the motion picture:</p>
<blockquote><p>“Books,” declared the inventor with decision, “will soon be obsolete in the public schools. Scholars will be instructed through the eye. It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed inside of ten years.</p></blockquote>
<p>Books outlasted his prediction. They outlasted him. They will morph, adapt, scatter, and devour until they outlast us all.</p>
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<title type="text">Terence Eden’s Blog</title>
<subtitle type="text">Regular nonsense about tech and its effects 🙃</subtitle>
<updated>2025-07-04T11:29:23Z</updated>
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<title type="html"><![CDATA[Making My Own Hacktoberfest T-Shirts]]></title>
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<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61656</id>
<updated>2025-07-04T11:29:23Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-04T11:34:54Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="hacking" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Hacktoberfest" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="t-shirt" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Between 2014 and 2022, DigitalOcean sent free t-shirts to developers who completed the Hacktoberfest challenge. For entirely sensible reasons related to sustainability and spammy entrants, they stopped doing physical merchandise in 2023. I'm the sort of hip fashionista who only wears free conference t-shirts. GDS@GDSTeamWe support open source. And we’ve got the t-shirts to prove it (thanks @…]]></summary>
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<html><head></head><body><p>Between 2014 and 2022, DigitalOcean sent free t-shirts to developers who completed the Hacktoberfest challenge. For entirely sensible reasons related to sustainability and spammy entrants, they stopped doing physical merchandise in 2023.</p>
<p>I'm the sort of hip fashionista who <em>only</em> wears free conference t-shirts.</p>
<blockquote class="social-embed" id="social-embed-958377102641893376" lang="en" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/SocialMediaPosting"><header class="social-embed-header" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://twitter.com/GDSTeam" class="social-embed-user" itemprop="url"><img class="social-embed-avatar social-embed-avatar-circle" src="data:image/webp;base64,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" alt="" itemprop="image"><div class="social-embed-user-names"><p class="social-embed-user-names-name" itemprop="name">GDS</p>@GDSTeam</div></a><img class="social-embed-logo" alt="Twitter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%0Aaria-label%3D%22Twitter%22%20role%3D%22img%22%0AviewBox%3D%220%200%20512%20512%22%3E%3Cpath%0Ad%3D%22m0%200H512V512H0%22%0Afill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%231d9bf0%22%20d%3D%22m458%20140q-23%2010-45%2012%2025-15%2034-43-24%2014-50%2019a79%2079%200%2000-135%2072q-101-7-163-83a80%2080%200%200024%20106q-17%200-36-10s-3%2062%2064%2079q-19%205-36%201s15%2053%2074%2055q-50%2040-117%2033a224%20224%200%2000346-200q23-16%2040-41%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"></header><section class="social-embed-text" itemprop="articleBody">We support open source. And we’ve got the t-shirts to prove it (thanks <a href="https://twitter.com/github">@github</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/digitalocean">@digitalocean</a>). GDS took part in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Hacktoberfest">#Hacktoberfest</a> this year, contributing to open source projects as part of a global community <a href="https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/">hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com</a> <a href="https://x.com/gdsteam/status/958377102641893376/photo/1">pic.x.com/AkM09LGono</a><div class="social-embed-media-grid"><a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DUzWotoW0AAFMmK.jpg" class="social-embed-media-link"><img class="social-embed-media" alt="Terence, Andrea and Anna wearing Hacktoberfest t-shirts" 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"></a></div></section><hr 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<p>Sadly, after several years of constant catwalk modelling, my beloved Hacktoberfest shirts are full of holes. I couldn't find any for sale on eBay or Vinted - so I decided to make my own.</p>
<p>Note: <a href="https://github.com/Hacktoberfest/hacktoberfest-2022/blob/main/src/assets/brand-guidelines.pdf">DigitalOcean's Brand Guidelines</a> say that you shouldn't create physical merchandise or sell any products featuring the logo. Well, I'm not selling these nor, do I think, they are merchandise. Hacktoberfest aren't using these to incentivise anyone any more. They're just cool t-shirts.</p>
<h2 id="the-logos"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#the-logos" class="heading-link">The Logos</a></h2>
<p>There are <a href="https://dev.to/fernandezbaptiste/last-10-years-of-hacktoberfest-merch-a-journey-through-time-8od">lots of photos of the t-shirts</a> but it is surprisingly hard to find the original assets.</p>
<h3 id="low-resolution"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#low-resolution" class="heading-link">Low Resolution</a></h3>
<p>Kotis - a design agency - did the Hacktoberfest swag from 2015-2020. They have a <a href="https://go.kotisdesign.com/portfolio/digital-ocean-hacktoberfest/">brand portfolio</a> with the t-shirt icons. Sadly, all a bit low resolution for printing, but good for getting accurate background colours for the material.</p>
<ul>
<li>2020 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-18.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2019 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-19.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2018 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-20.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2017 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-21.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2016 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-22.png" alt=""></li>
<li>2015 <img src="https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-23.png" alt=""></li>
</ul>
<p>Similarly, there are a few low resolution promo shots of the t-shirts or their logos:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/2f1eggqi7zgs0cj38j2p.jpg">2022</a> (back of t-shirt)</li>
<li><a href="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/99407553/194741467-af241be9-e0df-4f43-88a8-9236a253a555.jpg">2021</a> (t-shirt)</li>
<li><a href="https://cerealtree.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/hacktober.png">2016</a> (more accurate colours)</li>
<li><a href="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/d13f20be-66f9-11e5-8478-992126efc469.png">2015</a> (logo)</li>
<li><a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2014Logo.webp">2014</a> (logo)</li>
</ul>
<p>AI upscaling looked typically rubbish.</p>
<h3 id="higher-resolution-bitmaps"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#higher-resolution-bitmaps" class="heading-link">Higher Resolution Bitmaps</a></h3>
<p>Some designers have their logo designs on Dribbble. Not <em>very</em> high resolution, but good enough for stickers.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/8192199-Hacktoberfest-2019-logo">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/5333694-Hacktoberfest-2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/3814307-Hactoberfest-2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dribbble.com/shots/2988111-Hactoberfest-2016">2016</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="archived-logos"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#archived-logos" class="heading-link">Archived Logos</a></h3>
<p>The official Hacktoberfest website had some logos embedded on it:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001041836/https://hacktoberfest.com/">2022</a> (SVG logo)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930141101im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hf19-full-10f3c000cea930c76acc1dedc516ea7118b95353220869a3051848e45ff1d656.svg">2019</a> (SVG)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001075142if_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hacktoberfest-658b5aa2bd34e782d29c40bf6afbdff00f20fe1328efa6da17743878ba8db66f.png">2018</a> (PNG with transparent background)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913052813/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/">2017</a> (SVG)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="best-of-the-bunch"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#best-of-the-bunch" class="heading-link">Best of the bunch</a></h2>
<p>These are the best available logos. The SVGs are suitable for printing at any size, the PNGs may be harder.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/7f/Hacktoberfest_icon_2022.svg">2022</a> (SVG logo)</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Hacktoberfest/hacktoberfest-2020/blob/master/app/assets/images/HF-full-logo.svg">2020</a> (SVG)</li>
<li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20190930141101im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hf19-full-10f3c000cea930c76acc1dedc516ea7118b95353220869a3051848e45ff1d656.svg">2019</a> (SVG)</li>
<li><a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2018Logo.webp">2018</a> (WebP 1155x898)</li>
<li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170913052813/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/">2017</a> (SVG embedded in page)</li>
<li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20161022114022im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/h-ceffbf9c09a918a4eda57f3a80f70e71b778ae233ece6f0ce41105316ddd3a64.svg">2016</a> (SVG)</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="missing"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#missing" class="heading-link">Missing</a></h2>
<p>The following are missing 2014, 2015, 2021, 2022 (comic). There are photos of the shirts, and some low-resolution artwork available, all of which are too low quality to be printed. If you know how to get high-resolution images of them - please leave a comment!</p>
<h3 id="2021"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#2021" class="heading-link">2021</a></h3>
<p>There are <em>some</em> elements out there. For example:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.behance.net/gallery/128630281/HacktoberFest-2021">This Behance profile of Hacktoberfest 2021</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930065625im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/_nuxt/img/logo-hacktoberfest-full.f42e3b1.svg">The official logo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150155im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/_nuxt/img/logo-hacktoberfest-full2.aa1e9d9.svg">The logo with the t-shirt colour scheme</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150151/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/brandguidelines">The brand guidelines</a> for more accurate colour reproduction.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2014"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#2014" class="heading-link">2014</a></h3>
<p>There's not much available about the first t-shirt. There's a <a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2014Logo.webp">version of the logo used</a> and <a href="https://community.nodebb.org/topic/2948/digital-ocean-free-t-shirts">some photos</a> but that's about it.</p>
<h2 id="photos-of-t-shirts"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#photos-of-t-shirts" class="heading-link">Photos of T-Shirts</a></h2>
<p>If you want to compare the logos to the originals, and see what colour fabric they used, there are lots of photo online:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/hacktoberfest/comments/16vzkes/here_is_my_collection_which_design_is_your/">Reddit collection</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/history/">History of Hacktoberfest</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="end-result"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#end-result" class="heading-link">End Result</a></h2>
<p>If I can't find the missing logos, I'll create my own design for my own personal use. Something like this:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/double-t.webp" alt="Two t-shirts with the various Hacktoberfest logos stacked on them." width="1024" height="464" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61672">
<p>If you have a source for vectors of the missing logos, please drop me a comment.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Process Vs Prejudice]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/process-vs-prejudice/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=60985</id>
<updated>2025-07-01T09:16:31Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-03T11:34:05Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="forms" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="politics" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I recently read an interesting article about Accountability Sinks. In it, the author argues that part of the reason for having business processes is that they diffuse accountability. Every one of us has tried to have an argument with an employee of a big company, and it always goes like this: the human being you are speaking to is only allowed to follow a set of processes and rules that pass on …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/process-vs-prejudice/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>I recently read an interesting article about <a href="https://250bpm.substack.com/p/accountability-sinks">Accountability Sinks</a>. In it, the author argues that part of the reason for having business processes is that they diffuse accountability.</p>
<p>Every one of us has tried to have an argument with an employee of a big company, and it always goes like this:</p>
<blockquote><p>the human being you are speaking to is only allowed to follow a set of processes and rules that pass on decisions made at a higher level of the corporate hierarchy. It’s often a frustrating experience; you want to get angry, but you can’t really blame the person you’re talking to.</p></blockquote>
<p>So should we give people more discretion in which processes they follow?</p>
<p>In some cases, yes! The article contains some compelling examples of when "breaking the rules" is the preferable outcome.</p>
<p>But there are some unacknowledged downsides to letting people decide which rules are applicable - and that's people's personal prejudices.</p>
<p>The article say some of the discontent with the modern world can be blamed on over-adherence to rules. For example:</p>
<blockquote><p>The skepticism toward judges? It fits. They often seem more devoted to procedure than to justice.</p></blockquote>
<p>Imagine a world without <a href="https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/sentencing-and-the-council/about-sentencing-guidelines/">sentencing guidelines</a>. Perhaps the judge is from a different tribe to the accused and punishes them much more harshly than a clan-member. Would that seem fair?</p>
<p>The customer service agent just doesn't like people of your gender, and refuses to process your refund.</p>
<p>You give the bank manager a firm handshake and he approves your loan - even though you don't <em>technically</em> qualify you look like a decent sort of chap.</p>
<p>And on it goes.</p>
<p>Look, there's no doubt plenty of bias encoded within processes. All processes should be regularly reviewed and updated. Breaking a process in extremis can be a good idea. When confronted with an inflexible policy, you may feel like a mere cog in a machine - but at least the machine is prevented from discriminating against your type of cogs.</p>
<p>A well-defined process dehumanises <em>both</em> sides.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>6</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: The World According to Cunk - An Illustrated History of All World Events Ever, Space Permitting by Philomena Cunk ★★★★★]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/book-review-the-world-according-to-cunk-an-illustrated-history-of-all-world-events-ever-space-permitting-by-philomena-cunk/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61157</id>
<updated>2025-06-25T08:30:28Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-02T11:34:17Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="comedy" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[There are some characters whose tone of voice is inimitable. You cannot fail to read this without Diane Morgan's languid cadence echoing in your big empty head. The book has been written with a very specific pace - one chuckle per paragraph, a big laugh every page, and a set number of uncontrollable giggles per chapter. Somewhat formulaic, but highly effective. I kept highlighting bits of it…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/book-review-the-world-according-to-cunk-an-illustrated-history-of-all-world-events-ever-space-permitting-by-philomena-cunk/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hbg-title-the-world-according-to-cunk-3-5.webp" alt="Book cover with famous people on the front." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61158">There are some characters whose tone of voice is inimitable. You cannot fail to read this without Diane Morgan's languid cadence echoing in your big empty head.</p>
<p>The book has been written with a very specific pace - one chuckle per paragraph, a big laugh every page, and a set number of uncontrollable giggles per chapter. Somewhat formulaic, but highly effective.</p>
<p>I kept highlighting bits of it and showing them to my wife. After the 8th or 9th time she grabbed her own copy and started showing me the bits she found funny.</p>
<p>It's just endlessly quotable. "The emperor eventually died and was buried with a load of clay figures – like Nick Park will be." and "a sort of naughty typewriter called the Enigma machine" still keep me guffawing.</p>
<p>The long-running callbacks are perfect, as are the inclusion of a few <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIsc6zirBSw">fan favourite jokes</a>.</p>
<p>Even the fucking <em>index</em> of this book is hilarious.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>0</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Are Brother's Insecure Printers Illegal in the UK?]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61677</id>
<updated>2025-07-01T09:16:24Z</updated>
<published>2025-07-01T11:34:15Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="CyberSecurity" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="IoT" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="law" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="legal" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Legislation" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Another day, another security disaster! This time, multiple printers from Brother have an unfixable security flaw. That's bad, obviously, but is it illegally bad? Let's take a look at details of the vulnerability: An unauthenticated attacker who knows the target device's serial number, can generate the default administrator password for the device. Recently, the UK brought in some laws aimed…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Another day, another security disaster! This time, <a href="https://www.theverge.com/news/694877/brother-printers-security-flaw-password-vulnerability">multiple printers from Brother have an unfixable security flaw</a>. That's bad, obviously, but is it <em>illegally</em> bad<sup id="fnref:law"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:law" class="footnote-ref" title="I'm not a lawyer. This is not legal advice. This is just my interpretation of what's going on. If in doubt, consult someone qualified." role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>?</p>
<p>Let's take a look <a href="https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-51978">at details of the vulnerability</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>An unauthenticated attacker who knows the target device's serial number, can generate the default administrator password for the device.</p></blockquote>
<p>Recently, the UK brought in some laws aimed at strengthening consumer protection - the Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure act (PSTI). There's <a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/smart-devices-law">a readable summary on the National Cyber Security Centre's website</a>.</p>
<p>There are three interesting points to note in that blog post. The first is about passwords:</p>
<blockquote><p>The law means manufacturers must ensure that all their smart devices meet basic cyber security requirements. Specifically:</p>
<ol>
<li>The manufacturer must not supply devices that use default passwords, which can be easily discovered online, and shared.</li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>Secondly, is a question of jurisdiction:</p>
<blockquote><p>Most smart devices are manufactured outside the UK, but the PSTI act also applies to all organisations importing or retailing products for the UK market. Failure to comply with the act is a criminal offence</p></blockquote>
<p>Thirdly, what is actually covered:</p>
<blockquote><p>The law applies to any ‘consumer smart device’ that connects either to the internet, or to a home network (for example by wifi).</p></blockquote>
<p>Is a WiFi enabled printer a "consumer smart device"? One of the things that techies find confusing is that the law is <em>not</em> code. It usually doesn't enumerate a definitive list of what is and what isn't in scope. It gives a general outline and then allows case-law to develop. This means laws don't need to be updated when someone invents, say, an Internet connected tinfoil dispenser.</p>
<p>Let's move beyond the consumer-friendly summary and go to the actual law. <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1007/schedule/1/made">The Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure (Security Requirements for Relevant Connectable Products) Regulations 2023</a></p>
<blockquote><ol start="2">
<li><p>Passwords must be—</p>
<p>a. unique per product; or</p>
<p>b. defined by the user of the product.</p></li>
<li><p>Passwords which are unique per product must not be—</p>
<p>a. based on incremental counters;</p>
<p>b. based on or derived from publicly available information;</p>
<p>c. based on or derived from unique product identifiers, such as serial numbers, unless this is done using an encryption method, or keyed hashing algorithm, that is accepted as part of good industry practice;</p>
<p>d. otherwise guessable in a manner unacceptable as part of good industry practice.</p></li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>How does this apply to the printers? Rapid7, who discovered the vulnerability, <a href="https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/multiple-brother-devices-multiple-vulnerabilities-fixed/">have this to say about how it works</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>[The vulnerability] allows an attacker to leak a serial number via the target's HTTP, HTTPS, and IPP services. However, should an attacker not be able to leverage [the vulnerability], a remote unauthenticated attacker can still discover a target device's serial number via either a PJL or SNMP query</p></blockquote>
<p>So, yes. The default password <em>is</em> unique but it can be automatically derived from the serial number. That serial number is available to anyone with a network connection to the printer.</p>
<p>But, do printers fall under the scope of this act?</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/46/part/1/enacted#section-4">Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure Act 2022</a> says:</p>
<blockquote><p>4 Relevant connectable products</p>
<ol>
<li><p>In this Part “relevant connectable product” means a product that meets conditions A and B.</p></li>
<li><p>Condition A is that the product is—</p>
<p>A. an internet-connectable product, or</p>
<p>B. a network-connectable product.</p></li>
<li><p>Condition B is that the product is not an excepted product (see section 6).</p></li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>It goes on to define what Internet-connectable means, along with some other clarifying details. But is there a get-out clause here? Are printers an "excepted product"?</p>
<blockquote><p>In this Part “excepted product” means a product of a description specified in regulations made by the Secretary of State.</p></blockquote>
<p>OK, let's look at <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1007/schedule/3">the regulations</a>. I've expanded out the relevant bit:</p>
<blockquote><p>Schedule 3 Excepted connectable products</p>
<ol start="5">
<li><p>Computers</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Products are excepted under this paragraph if they are computers which are—</p>
<p>a. desktop computers;</p>
<p>b. laptop computers;</p>
<p>c. tablet computers which do not have the capability to connect to cellular networks.</p></li>
</ol></li>
</ol></blockquote>
<p>Nope! The Brother printers don't appear to be exempt<sup id="fnref:neil"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:neil" class="footnote-ref" title="With thanks to m'learned colleague Neil Brown who came to much the same conclusion" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup>. What's <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/46/part/1/enacted#section-38">the <em>maximum</em> penalty</a> Brother could be subject to?</p>
<p>The greater of £10 million or 4% of worldwide <em>revenue</em>.</p>
<p>Ouch!</p>
<p>Of course, much like GDPR fines, these are headline grabbing numbers. The prosaic reality is that <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/safety-and-standards-enforcement-enforcement-policy">the enforcement policy is much more likely to suggest remedial steps</a>. Only the most flagrant transgressors are likely to be punished harshly<sup id="fnref:actions"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:actions" class="footnote-ref" title="You can see the actions they've previously taken. Because PSTI is so new, there aren't any actions against insecure IoT devices - so we'll have to wait and see how they choose to proceed." role="doc-noteref">2</a></sup>.</p>
<p>So, to recap. The law says an Internet-connected device (including printers) must have a password which is not "based on or derived from publicly available information". As I understand it, having a serial-number based password is OK <em>as long as you don't publicise the serial number</em>. I expect that if it were printed on a sticker that would be fine. But because the serial can be discovered remotely, it fails at this point.</p>
<p>In Brother's (slight) defence, unless the user has specifically connected the printer to the Internet this is only a local vulnerability. Someone on the same network would be able to monkey around with the printer but, similarly, they could plug in a USB cable for some illicit printing or break it with a hammer. Any damage is confined to the LAN.</p>
<p>Should users change default passwords? Yes. But manufacturers have a legal duty to ensure that people who don't are still protected.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:law" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I'm not a lawyer. This is not legal advice. This is just my interpretation of what's going on. If in doubt, consult someone qualified. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:law" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:neil" role="doc-endnote">
<p>With thanks to m'learned colleague <a href="https://decoded.legal/blog/2023/10/new-rules-for-people-making-importing-or-distributing-internet-connected-or-connectable-products-part-1/">Neil Brown who came to much the same conclusion</a> <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:neil" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:actions" role="doc-endnote">
<p>You can <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/opss-enforcement-actions">see the actions they've previously taken</a>. Because PSTI is so new, there aren't any actions against insecure IoT devices - so we'll have to wait and see how they choose to proceed. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:actions" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>4</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: The Left Hand of Dog - Si Clarke ★★☆☆☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-left-hand-of-dog-si-clarke/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61173</id>
<updated>2025-06-26T07:19:15Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-30T11:34:37Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I have to say, I did not get on with this book. The central conceit is that a sci-fi fan is abducted by aliens and their universal translator converts everything into understandable slang. So we get lots of warp factors, ansibles, dilithium crystals, and Hitchiker’s references. It makes the whole thing feel a bit cheap. OK, maybe it is a little silly when an author comes up with some t…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-left-hand-of-dog-si-clarke/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/left.webp" alt="Book cover featuring a person, their dog, and an interstellar tea-pot." width="200" height="300" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61175"> I have to say, I did <em>not</em> get on with this book. The central conceit is that a sci-fi fan is abducted by aliens and their universal translator converts everything into understandable slang. So we get lots of warp factors, ansibles, dilithium crystals, and Hitchiker’s references. It makes the whole thing feel a bit cheap. OK, maybe it is a little silly when an author comes up with some technobabble instead of saying "make the jump to light-speed" - but readers appreciate the effort.</p>
<p>It's a daft enough story but the chuckles are few and far between.</p>
<p>Much like the <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/tag/wayfarers/">Wayfarers books</a>, it wears its heart on its sleeve. I found that a delightful and refreshing aspect which is rarely seen in sci-fi.</p>
<p>But, in the end, I found the plot a bit too derivative to enjoy, and the shoe-horned references quickly became tiresome.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Contactless Payments with GrapheneOS]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61636</id>
<updated>2025-06-28T20:36:24Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-29T11:34:57Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="android" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="google" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="GrapheneOS" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="nfc" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Google's monopolistic stranglehold on Android results in poor experience for power-users, and artificially restricts choice for those who have older phones. For example, Google Wallet is the de facto way to use NFC payments on Android. There's one problem though - it only works with Google's Android. If you have the temerity to install a 3rd party Android OS - like the hyper-secure GrapheneOS - …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Google's monopolistic stranglehold on Android results in poor experience for power-users, and artificially restricts choice for those who have older phones. For example, Google Wallet is the <i lang="la">de facto</i> way to use NFC payments on Android. There's one problem though - it only works with <em>Google's</em> Android. If you have the temerity to install a 3rd party Android OS - like the hyper-secure <a href="https://grapheneos.org/">GrapheneOS</a> - you'll be locked out of it.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPay-fs8.png" alt="This device can't be set up to pay contactless. Your device doesn't meet pay contactless security standards. It may be rooted or running uncertified software." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61637">
<p>First of all, Google is lying. It <em>does</em> meet security standards and it is <em>not</em> rooted. I get that <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2023/05/the-limits-of-general-purpose-computation/">I have no right to run someone else's software in an environment they don't like</a>, but this is just misinformation. 3rd party OSes are often <em>more</em> secure that a stock OS which has been left to rot by an unresponsive manufacturer.</p>
<p>Anyway, here's how you can use contactless payments on Graphene.</p>
<h2 id="prerequisites"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#prerequisites" class="heading-link">Prerequisites</a></h2>
<p>I'm going to tell you what I did. If you found another way, leave a comment or write your own blog post.</p>
<p>I'm using the latest version of Graphene (2025062000) with Play Services installed. The app is running in my main profile. None of the advanced app protection has been toggled for the app. NFC is on.</p>
<p>You will have to agree to <a href="https://www.curve.com/legal/privacy/">Curve's privacy policy</a>. And the privacy policy of your credit card. Look, if you're using Graphene, you're probably overly privacy sensitive. If you're concerned about The Man<img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2122.png" alt="™" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> knowing that you used your card to buy a breakfast beer and then sharing that with 958 trusted partners, just use cash instead.</p>
<h2 id="install-curve"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#install-curve" class="heading-link">Install Curve</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://www.curve.com/join#D4MK9ZKN">Here's a referral link to install Curve</a> - join and you get £10. Or, you can <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.imaginecurve.curve.prd">install directly from the Play Store</a>.</p>
<p>You'll need to create an account and pass KYC / AML checks. <a href="https://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/fca-firm-checker/firm-10456-925447">Curve are regulated by the FCA</a> so you should feel safe giving your details to them.</p>
<h2 id="add-a-card"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#add-a-card" class="heading-link">Add a card</a></h2>
<p>Curve is a <em>virtual</em> card provider. So add your existing Visa or MasterCard to the app (no Amex). When you spend on Curve, you're actually spending on the underlying card you've added. Curve promise cheaper foreign exchange fees and a few other perks. But what we're really interested in is NFC payments.</p>
<h2 id="set-up-curve-pay"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#set-up-curve-pay" class="heading-link">Set up Curve Pay</a></h2>
<p>On your app's dashboard, you should see a banner saying "Curve Pay is good to go!". If not, head into your account and set it up there.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Good-to-go-fs8.png" alt="Curve dashboard." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61638">
<p>If it has all set up, you should see a welcome tutorial explaining how contactless works.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Good-To-Go-fs8.png" alt="Animation showing how to hold your phone to an NFC payment terminal." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61639">
<h2 id="set-your-default-wallet"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#set-your-default-wallet" class="heading-link">Set your default wallet</a></h2>
<p>On your phone, go to Settings → Connected devices → Connection Preferences → NFC → Contactless Payments.</p>
<p>Or, search your settings for Pay.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Pay-Location-fs8.png" alt="Settings search page." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61640">
<p>Select your default wallet app - in this case, Curve.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Default-Wallet-App-fs8.png" alt="List of available wallet apps." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61641">
<h2 id="pay-for-something"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#pay-for-something" class="heading-link">Pay for something</a></h2>
<p>You need to make sure NFC is turned on before you can use NFC payments. I know that sounds obvious, but I forgot to do it the first time and got very confused.</p>
<p>Go to a local shop, pick up something, hand it to the merchant, wave your phone over the payment terminal like you are a technowizard from the future.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Notification-fs8.png" alt="Notification showing I paid £3.95 for a sticky bun." width="504" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61642">
<p>Enjoy eating whatever you paid for!</p>
<h2 id="thats-it"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#thats-it" class="heading-link">That's it!</a></h2>
<p>Once you're done, you can turn of NFC if you're paranoid.</p>
<p>Apparently, <a href="https://justfollow.me.uk/@sborrill/114761774161342879">Curve also works with Garmin Smart Watches</a> - but I don't have one to test out.</p>
<p>If you've found this blog post useful, I'd be grateful if you signed up with <a href="https://www.curve.com/join#D4MK9ZKN">my referral link for Curve</a>.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: First Contact - The Story of Our Obsession with Aliens by Becky Ferreira ★★★★⯪]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-first-contact-the-story-of-our-obsession-with-aliens-by-becky-ferreira/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61450</id>
<updated>2025-06-26T07:19:06Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-28T11:34:39Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="NetGalley" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[This is a cheerful and convivial look through the history of humanity's search for life "out there". It isn't an "ancient aliens" style book of nonsense, but rather a steady walk through what has actually happened - and what we hope might happen. It is a beautiful PDF which has been gorgeously typeset and lushly illustrated. So many fonts! Sure, it isn't brilliant for eInk but excellent for a…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-first-contact-the-story-of-our-obsession-with-aliens-by-becky-ferreira/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/9781523527779_766925.webp" alt="Book cover showing a UFO and digital signals." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61451"> This is a cheerful and convivial look through the history of humanity's search for life "out there". It isn't an "ancient aliens" style book of nonsense, but rather a steady walk through what has actually happened - and what we hope <em>might</em> happen.</p>
<p>It is a beautiful PDF which has been gorgeously typeset and lushly illustrated. So many fonts! Sure, it isn't brilliant for eInk but excellent for a tablet or any other full-colour screen.</p>
<p>The language is unpretentious and accessible. It's probably aimed towards the space-obsessed teen market, but I found it delightful.</p>
<blockquote><p>The authorities were decidedly unchill about all this philosophizing, however, and Anaxagoras was condemned to death for impiety—a charge based on his rejection of religious teachings—after he kept insisting the Sun was a hot and large natural object, not some hunky god driving a chariot across the sky.</p></blockquote>
<p>There aren't any inline references or footnotes - and links to images would be nice - but they're all all stuffed at the end if you want to find more.</p>
<p>It would have been nice if some of the examples were a <em>little</em> more fleshed out:</p>
<blockquote><p>Many cultures have imagined themselves as the descendants of celestial objects, or believed that they will ascend to the skies to join their ancestors after death.</p></blockquote>
<p>But it is an excellent jumping off point for anyone who wants to expand their horizons. The book isn't really in any chronological order so jumps around a fair bit. Full of fascinating titbits - especially radio silence day - and avoids the trap of sticking to just the USA cultural hegemony,</p>
<p>A great starting point for anyone who wants to get quickly acquainted with our (so far futile) attempts to discover alien life.</p>
<p>Many thanks to <a href="https://www.netgalley.com">NetGalley</a> for the preview copy - the book is on sale 30th September 2025.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Review: Octopus Home Mini - Real-Time Smart Meter Monitoring ★★☆☆☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61481</id>
<updated>2025-06-27T08:51:38Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-27T11:34:29Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="electricity" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="energy" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="HomeAssistant" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="IoT" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Smart Home" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I unashamedly love my smart-meter. Rather than having my energy provider guesstimate my bill, or having to send manual readings each month, it automatically beams them back to its mothership. It also enables interesting things like variable energy tariffs. By design, the smart-meter is limited in how much data it can send back. You can choose to have readings sent monthly, weekly, daily, or…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>I unashamedly <em>love</em> my smart-meter. Rather than having my energy provider guesstimate my bill, or having to send manual readings each month, it automatically beams them back to its mothership. It also enables interesting things like variable energy tariffs.</p>
<p>By design, the smart-meter is limited in how much data it can send back. You can choose to have readings sent monthly, weekly, daily, or half-hourly. There's no option for minute-by-minute precision. That's useful from a privacy perspective - and no doubt makes the network engineering simpler - but slightly annoying from a home-monitoring perspective.</p>
<p>The smart-meter has the ability to send real-time information to a local device using the ZigBee network. If you have an in-home display (IHD) then you'll have seen just how accurate it is.</p>
<p>As I've discovered, <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2020/04/hacking-your-smart-meter-part-1-zigbee/">you can't just pair any-old ZigBee device to your meter</a>. Luckily, Octopus have sent me the "Mini". A little device which connects to the smart-meter and your home WiFi, then reports usage every 10 seconds. Let's put it through its paces.</p>
<h2 id="size"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#size" class="heading-link">Size</a></h2>
<p>Mini by name, mini by nature!</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Mini.webp" alt="Tiny pink device." width="2738" height="1541" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61492">
<p>It's rare to find a device smaller than its plug. I half-wonder if they could have integrated it and just made it into a smartplug.</p>
<p>Annoyingly, it is <em>micro</em> USB. I am a USB-C maximalist. There's no reason this device shouldn't use the same cable as everything else I own.</p>
<h2 id="installation"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#installation" class="heading-link">Installation</a></h2>
<p>Plug the Mini in - ideally within 5m of your smartmeter - and wait for the blinkenlight. Follow the in-app instructions. Because, like every modern device, it needs an app. You need to install the standard Octopus Android app, and can then add the Mini to your account and to your WiFi.</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/24ghz.webp" alt="Warning about using 2.4GHz WiFi." width="490" height="367" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61493">
<p>Like all cheap IoT devices, it will only work on 2.4㎓, so you may need to adjust which network your phone is on.</p>
<h2 id="and-then"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#and-then" class="heading-link">And then…</a></h2>
<p>That's it. Every 10 seconds it sends an update to Octopus. You can use the app or the website to view your current consumption or to see your last 5 minutes or last 30 minutes usage.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.v-s-f.co.uk/2023/07/near-realtime-energy-consumption-data-with-octopus-home-mini/">If you're a dab-hand with the API, you can poll that</a>. Or you can connect it to HomeAssistant.</p>
<h2 id="downside"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#downside" class="heading-link">Downside</a></h2>
<p>In theory this is nifty, but there are a few things I'm not keen on.</p>
<ul>
<li>Export readings simply don't work for some brands of smart meter. That's an annoyance - my meter can send half-hourly readings for export, but the Mini just shows that I'm using zero Watts.</li>
<li>No local connection. It sends the data to Octopus, so I have to use their API to get the data. I'd like the ability to stream it directly from the Mini.</li>
<li>USB-micro. We live in the future. USB-C or GTFO!</li>
</ul>
<p>Honestly, a bit disappointing. If you don't have solar panels - or your meter works correctly - this could be very useful. Even so, the lack of an local API is a bit of a buzzkill. Sadly, for my purposes, it isn't very useful.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>6</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: The Martian Contingency by Mary Robinette Kowal ★★★★☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-martian-contingency-by-mary-robinette-kowal/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61166</id>
<updated>2025-06-24T11:46:55Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-26T11:34:19Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Mary Robinette Kowal" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[The Lady Astronaut books are an absolute triumph - it's just a shame that they've been somewhat overshadowed by the TV series "For All Mankind". They both follow a similar trajectory - what if women were an integral part of the early space race and helped us to colonise off-world? The books, thankfully, don't pad out as much as the rival show - this latest novel is tightly focussed and takes us …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-martian-contingency-by-mary-robinette-kowal/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/jpg_rgb_0650h-5-416x636-1.jpg" alt="Book cover featuring Astronauts on Mars." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61167"> The Lady Astronaut books are an absolute triumph - it's just a shame that they've been somewhat overshadowed by the TV series "For All Mankind". They both follow a similar trajectory - what if women were an integral part of the early space race and helped us to colonise off-world? The books, thankfully, don't pad out as much as the rival show - this latest novel is tightly focussed and takes us to the Mars base where <em>shenanigans</em> are afoot.</p>
<p>For a sci-fi nerd like me, it is total catnip. A heady mix of brain-tangling "what ifs" and the geeky joy of "<a href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/CompetencePorn">competency porn</a>". The language is gorgeous with some beautiful turns of phrase, and the pacing does an excellent job of ratcheting up the tension.</p>
<p>My only criticism is that Elma is <em>such</em> an ineffective character. She seems to forget that she's one of the most senior people on the mission and has the right - nay! the duty! - to get answers. Her lack of confidence isn't a quirky character flaw; it is a profoundly irritating co-star.</p>
<p>I love the world building, the jokey asides, and the sense of purpose all the characters have. The moral dilemmas and Politics are well articulated and don't feel tacked on. It's worth picking up the whole series.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Theatre Review: Just For One Day ★★★★⯪]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61592</id>
<updated>2025-06-25T08:30:23Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-25T11:34:07Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Theatre Review" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Leave your cynicism at the door. Jukebox musicals usually stick to a single-artist (Mamma Mia, & Juliet, Tommy). As a result, they all start to sound a bit samey after a few numbers. Shows like Return To The Forbidden planet shoe-horn in songs from a dozen artists without much regard to plot, tone, or pacing. Just For One Day goes down a different route. Rather than just recreate the famous…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JFOD.webp" alt="A crowd of singers." width="400" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61593"> Leave your cynicism at the door.</p>
<p>Jukebox musicals usually stick to a single-artist (Mamma Mia, & Juliet, Tommy). As a result, they all start to sound a bit samey after a few numbers. Shows like Return To The Forbidden planet shoe-horn in songs from a dozen artists without much regard to plot, tone, or pacing.</p>
<p>Just For One Day goes down a different route. Rather than just recreate the famous Live Aid concert with a procession of soundalikes, it attempts to tell the story <em>behind</em> the concert. In doing so, it chops dozens of songs into thousands of pieces and lets the snippets segue seamlessly into the prose. It entwines the songs into each other beautifully. A supremely talented cast backed with a superb live band - it is guaranteed to have you screaming and cheering.</p>
<p>The central plot device is a <em>little</em> silly - a mother who went to the concert is chiding her teenage daughter about political activism. It is a bit mawkish and gets the show off to a stage-schooly start. Similarly, the daughter's righteous indignation fuels her interrogation of Saint Geldof which, again, becomes a bit preachy.</p>
<p>But that's the nature of Live Aid. It <em>is</em> preachy. And for all the arguments about whether it was the <strong>right</strong> thing to do - at least it did <strong>something</strong>. The show doesn't gloss over some the problems - and problem personalities - behind the production. Nor does it shy away from the reality of the limits of the help provided. Albeit backed by joyous music.</p>
<p>I felt that it pulls its punches a little bit. Rather than showing any footage from the Ethiopian famine, it <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/bob-geldof-belfast-icc-ethiopia-barack-obama-b2423253.html">recycles a speech Geldof gave a few years ago</a>.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, it is a powerful and moving spectacle.</p>
<p>Oh, and there's a rap battle between Bob Geldof and Mrs Thatcher.</p>
<p>Tickets start at £20. The music is so loud, and the staging so expressive, that you'll get a decent view from the cheap seats.</p>
<p>Far better than the average jukebox musical.</p>
<h2 id="pre-show-and-post-show"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/#pre-show-and-post-show" class="heading-link">Pre-show and Post-show</a></h2>
<p>As regular readers of <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/tag/theatre-review/">my theatre reviews</a> know, I'm obsessed with how theatres treat their patrons.</p>
<p>Bag searches were conducted quickly, and they were happy to let me bring in a small plastic bottle of water. The Shaftesbury has spacious corridors and bars. There are plenty of toilets which - in a shocking departure from West End tradition - are well maintained.</p>
<p>There's a little bit of set dressing inside the theatre to allow the audience to take selfies with famous backdrops. That's cute - but it might have been nice if they'd added a few more, or even put up original posters, press clippings, etc.</p>
<p>As we exited the theatre we were handed a commemorative ticket! What a swell idea! I thought it contained a QR code to donate to <a href="https://www.bandaidtrust.co.uk/">the Band Aid Charitable Trust</a> or find out more about their projects. Instead it's a coupon for £20 off your next visit. That feels like a bit of a missed opportunity.</p>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Reading NFC Passport Chips in Linux]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61546</id>
<updated>2025-06-24T12:12:53Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-24T11:34:49Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="CyberSecurity" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="hacking" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="linux" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="nfc" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="rfid" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[For boring and totally not nefarious reasons, I want to read all the data contained in my passport's NFC chip using Linux. After a long and annoying search, I settled on roeften's pypassport. I can now read all the passport information, including biometrics. Table of ContentsBackgroundRecreating the MRZPython code to generate an MRZCan you read a cancelled passport?Cryptography and other…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>For boring and totally not nefarious reasons, I want to read all the data contained in my passport's NFC chip using Linux. After a long and annoying search, I settled on <a href="https://github.com/roeften/pypassport">roeften's pypassport</a>.</p>
<p>I can now read all the passport information, including biometrics.</p>
<p></p><nav id="toc"><menu id="toc-start"><li id="toc-title"><h2 id="table-of-contents"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#table-of-contents" class="heading-link">Table of Contents</a></h2><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#background">Background</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#recreating-the-mrz">Recreating the MRZ</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#python-code-to-generate-an-mrz">Python code to generate an MRZ</a></li></menu></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport">Can you read a cancelled passport?</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#cryptography-and-other-security">Cryptography and other security</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-brute-force-a-passport">Can you brute-force a passport?</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password">Is it worth brute-forcing a password?</a></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#installing">Installing</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#getting-structured-data">Getting structured data</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#saving-the-image">Saving the image</a></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#what-didnt-work">What didn't work</a><menu><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#mrtdreader">mrtdreader</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport">Jean-Francois Houzard's and Olivier Roger's pyPassport</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#beaujeans-pypassport">beaujean's pyPassport</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#d-logic">d-Logic</a></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#android-reader">Android reader</a></li></menu></li><li><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-it">Is it worth it?</a></li></menu></li></menu></nav><p></p>
<h2 id="background"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#background" class="heading-link">Background</a></h2>
<p>The NFC chip in a passport is protected by a password. The password is printed on the inside of the physical passport. As well as needing to be physically close to the passport for NFC to work<sup id="fnref:long"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:long" class="footnote-ref" title="There are some commercially available long range readers - up to 15cm! I've no doubt some clever engineer has made a some high-powered radio device which can read things from a mile away using a…" role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>, you also need to be able to see the password. The password is printed in the "Machine Readable Zone" (MRZ) - which is why some border guards will swipe your passport through a reader before scanning the chip; they need the password and don't want to type it in.</p>
<p>I had a small problem though. I'm using my old passport<sup id="fnref:old"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:old" class="footnote-ref" title="I'm not dumb enough to do this stuff on a live passport!" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup> which <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancellation-of-passports/cancelling-british-passports-accessible#cancelling-epassport-version-2">has been cancelled</a>. Cancelling isn't just about revoking the document. It is also physically altered:</p>
<blockquote><p>Cut off the bottom left hand corner of the personal details page, making sure you cut the MRZ on the corner opposite the photo.</p></blockquote>
<p>So a chunk of the MRZ is missing! Oh no! Whatever can we do!?</p>
<h3 id="recreating-the-mrz"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#recreating-the-mrz" class="heading-link">Recreating the MRZ</a></h3>
<p>The password is made up of three pieces of data:</p>
<ol>
<li>Passport Number (Letters and Numbers)</li>
<li>Date of Birth (YYMMDD)</li>
<li>Expiry Date (YYMMDD)</li>
</ol>
<p>Each piece <em>also</em> has a checksum. This calculation is defined in Appendix A to <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf">Part 3 of Document 9303</a>.</p>
<p>Oh, and there's a checksum for the entire string. It's this final checksum which is cut off when the passport cover is snipped.</p>
<p>The final password is: <code>Number Number-checksum DOB DOB-checksum Expiry Expiry-checkum checksum-of-previous-digits</code></p>
<h4 id="python-code-to-generate-an-mrz"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#python-code-to-generate-an-mrz" class="heading-link">Python code to generate an MRZ</a></h4>
<p>If you know the passport number, date of birth, and expiry date, you can generate your own Machine Readable Zone - this acts as the password for the NFC chip.</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">def calculateChecksum( value ):
weighting = [7,3,1]
characterWeight = {
'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7,
'8': 8, '9': 9, '<': 0, 'A':10, 'B':11, 'C':12, 'D':13, 'E':14,
'F':15, 'G':16, 'H':17, 'I':18, 'J':19, 'K':20, 'L':21, 'M':22,
'N':23, 'O':24, 'P':25, 'Q':26, 'R':27, 'S':28, 'T':29, 'U':30,
'V':31, 'W':32, 'X':33, 'Y':34, 'Z':35
}
counter = 0
result = 0
for x in value:
result += characterWeight[str(x)] * weighting[counter%3]
counter += 1
return str(result%10)
def calculateMRZ( passportNumber, DOB, expiry ):
"""
DOB and expiry are formatted as YYMMDD
"""
passportCheck = calculateChecksum( passportNumber )
DOBCheck = calculateChecksum( DOB )
expiryCheck = calculateChecksum( expiry )
mrzNumber = passportNumber + passportCheck + DOB + DOBCheck + expiry + expiryCheck
mrzCheck = calculateChecksum( mrzNumber ).zfill(2)
mrz = passportNumber + passportCheck + "XXX" + DOB + DOBCheck + "X" + expiry + expiryCheck + "<<<<<<<<<<<<<<" + mrzCheck
return mrz
print( calculateMRZ("123456789", "841213", "220229") )
</code></pre>
<h2 id="can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport" class="heading-link">Can you read a cancelled passport?</a></h2>
<p>I would have thought that cutting the cover of the passport would destroy the antenna inside it. But, going back to <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancellation-of-passports/cancelling-british-passports-accessible#cancelling-epassport-version-2">the UK guidance</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>You must not cut the back cover on the ePassport</p></blockquote>
<p>Ah! That's where the NFC chip is. I presume this is so that cancelled passports can still be verified for authenticity.</p>
<h2 id="cryptography-and-other-security"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#cryptography-and-other-security" class="heading-link">Cryptography and other security</a></h2>
<p>The security is, thankfully, all fairly standard Public Key Cryptography - <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p11_cons_en.pdf">9303 part 11</a> explains it in <em>excruciating</em> levels of detail.</p>
<p>One thing I found curious - because the chip has no timer, it cannot know how often it is being read. You could bombard it with thousands of password attempts and not get locked out. Indeed, the specification says:</p>
<blockquote><p>the success probability of the attacker is given by the time the attacker has access to the IC, the duration of a single attempt to guess the password, and the entropy of the passport.</p></blockquote>
<h2 id="can-you-brute-force-a-passport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-brute-force-a-passport" class="heading-link">Can you brute-force a passport?</a></h2>
<p>Wellllll… maybeeeee…?</p>
<p>Passports are generally valid for only 10 years. So that's 36,525 possible expiry dates.</p>
<p>Passport holders are generally under 100 years old. So that's 3,652,500 possible dates of birth.</p>
<p>That's already 133,407,562,500 attempts - and we haven't even got on to the 1E24 possible passport numbers!</p>
<p>In my experiments, sending an incorrect but valid MRZ results in the chip returning "Security status not satisfied (0x6982)" in a very short space of time. Usually less than a second.</p>
<p>But sending that incorrect attempt seemed to introduce a delay in the next response - by a few seconds. Sending the correct MRZ seemed to reset this and let the chip be read instantly.</p>
<p>So, if you knew the target's passport number and birthday, brute forcing the expiry date would take a couple of days. Not instant, but not impossible.</p>
<p>Most <a href="https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/NTAG213_215_216.pdf">commercial NFC chips support 100,000 writes</a> with no limit for the number of reads. Some also have a 24 bit read counter which increments after every read attempt. After 16 million reads, the counter doesn't increment. It <em>could</em> be possible for a chip to self-destruct after a specific number of reads - but I've no evidence that passport chips do that.</p>
<h3 id="is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password" class="heading-link">Is it <em>worth</em> brute-forcing a password?</a></h3>
<p>If you were to brute-force the MRZ, you would discover the passport-holder's date of birth. You would also get:</p>
<ul>
<li>A digital copy of their photo,</li>
<li>Their full name,</li>
<li>Their sex<sup id="fnref:sex"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:sex" class="footnote-ref" title="Sex is complicated. But ICAO allow for "F for female, M for male, or X for unspecified"." role="doc-noteref">2</a></sup>,</li>
<li>The country which issued their passport, and</li>
<li>Their nationality.</li>
</ul>
<p>All of that is something which you can see from looking at the passport. So there's little value in attempting to read it electronically.</p>
<h2 id="installing"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#installing" class="heading-link">Installing</a></h2>
<p>As mentioned, I'm using <a href="https://github.com/roeften/pypassport">https://github.com/roeften/pypassport</a></p>
<p>The only library I needed to install was <a href="https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1/">pyasn1</a> using <code>pip3 install pyasn1</code> - your setup may vary.</p>
<p>Download PyPassport. In the same directory, you can create a test Python file to see if the passport can be read. Here's what it needs to contain:</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">from pypassport import epassport, reader
# Replace this MRZ with the one from your passport
MRZ = "1234567897XXX8412139X2202299<<<<<<<<<<<<<<04"
def trace(name, msg):
if name == "EPassport":
print(name + ": " + msg)
r = reader.ReaderManager().waitForCard()
ep = epassport.EPassport(r, MRZ)
ep.register(trace)
ep.readPassport()
</code></pre>
<p>Plug in your NFC reader, place your passport on it, run the above code. If it works, it will spit out a lot of debug information, including all the data it can find on the passport.</p>
<h2 id="getting-structured-data"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#getting-structured-data" class="heading-link">Getting structured data</a></h2>
<p>The structure of the passport data is a little convoluted. <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p10_cons_en.pdf">The specification</a> puts data into different "Data Groups" - each with its own ID.</p>
<p>By running:</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">ep.keys()
</code></pre>
<p>You can see which Data Groups are available. In my case, <code>['60', '61', '75', '77']</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>60</code> is the common area which contains some metadata. Nothing interesting there.</li>
<li><code>61</code> is DG1 - the full MRZ. This contains the holder's name, sex, nationality, etc.</li>
<li><code>77</code> is the Document Security Object - this was empty for me.</li>
<li><code>75</code> is DG2 to DG4 Biometric Templates - this contains the image and other metadata.</li>
</ul>
<p>Dumping the biometrics - <code>print( ep["75"] )</code> - gives these interesting pieces of metadata:</p>
<pre><code class="language-_">'83': '20190311201345',
'meta': { 'Expression': 'Unspecified',
'EyeColour' : 'Unspecified',
'FaceImageBlockLength': 19286,
'FaceImageType': 'Basic',
'FeatureMask': '000000',
'FeaturePoint': {0: {'FeaturePointCode': 'C1',
'FeatureType': '01',
'HorizontalPosition': 249,
'Reserved': '0000',
'VerticalPosition': 216},
1: {'FeaturePointCode': 'C2',
'FeatureType': '01',
'HorizontalPosition': 141,
'Reserved': '0000',
'VerticalPosition': 214}},
'Features': {},
'Gender': 'Unspecified',
'HairColour': 'Unspecified',
'ImageColourSpace': 'RGB24',
'ImageDataType': 'JPEG',
'ImageDeviceType': 0,
'ImageHeight': 481,
'ImageQuality': 'Unspecified',
'ImageSourceType': 'Static Scan',
'ImageWidth': 385,
'LengthOfRecord': 19300,
'NumberOfFacialImages': 1,
'NumberOfFeaturePoint': 2,
'PoseAngle': '0600B5',
'PoseAngleUncertainty': '000000',
'VersionNumber': b'010'
}
</code></pre>
<p>If I understand <a href="https://www.icao.int/security/mrtd/siteassets/pages/technical-reports/tr%20-%20rf%20and%20protocol%20testing%20part%204%20v2.10.pdf">the testing document</a> - the "Feature Points" are the middle of the eyes. Interesting to see that gender (not sex!) and hair colour are also able to be recorded. The "PoseAngle" represents the <a href="https://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/TRIP/Documents/TR%20-%20Portrait%20Quality%20v1.0.pdf">pitch, yaw, and roll</a> of the face.</p>
<h3 id="saving-the-image"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#saving-the-image" class="heading-link">Saving the image</a></h3>
<p>Passport images are saved either with JPEG or with <a href="https://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/TRIP/Documents/TR%20-%20Portrait%20Quality%20v1.0.pdf">JPEG2000 encoding</a>. Given the extremely limited memory available photos are small and highly compressed. Mine was a mere 19KB.</p>
<p>To save the image, grab the bytes and plonk them onto disk:</p>
<pre><code class="language-python">photo = ep["75"]["A1"]["5F2E"]
with open( "photo.jpg", "wb" ) as f:
f.write( photo )
</code></pre>
<p>As expected, the "FeaturePoints" co-ordinates corresponded roughly to the centre of my eyes. Nifty!</p>
<h2 id="what-didnt-work"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#what-didnt-work" class="heading-link">What didn't work</a></h2>
<p>I tried a few different tools. Listed here so you don't make the same mistakes as me!</p>
<h3 id="mrtdreader"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#mrtdreader" class="heading-link">mrtdreader</a></h3>
<p>The venerable <a href="https://github.com/rubund/mrtdreader">mrtdreader</a>. My NFC device beeped, then mrtdreader said "No NFC device found."</p>
<p>I think this is because <a href="https://github.com/nfc-tools/libnfc/issues/719">NFC Tools haven't been updated in ages</a>.</p>
<h3 id="jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport" class="heading-link">Jean-Francois Houzard's and Olivier Roger's pyPassport</a></h3>
<p>I looked at <a href="https://code.google.com/archive/p/pypassport/">pyPassport</a> but it is only available for Python 2.</p>
<h3 id="beaujeans-pypassport"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#beaujeans-pypassport" class="heading-link">beaujean's pyPassport</a></h3>
<p>This <a href="https://github.com/beaujeant/pypassport">pypassport</a> only checks if a passport is resistant to specific security vulnerabilities.</p>
<h3 id="d-logic"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#d-logic" class="heading-link">d-Logic</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://www.d-logic.com/nfc-rfid-reader-sdk/software/epassport-reading/">Digital Logic's ePassport software</a> only works with their hardware readers.</p>
<h3 id="android-reader"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#android-reader" class="heading-link">Android reader</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tananaev/passport-reader">tananaev's passport-reader</a> - works perfectly on Android. So I knew my passport chip was readable - but the app won't run on Linux.</p>
<h2 id="is-it-worth-it"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-it" class="heading-link">Is it worth it?</a></h2>
<p>Yeah, I reckon so! Realistically, you aren't going to be able to crack the MRZ to read someone's passport. But if you need to gather personal information<sup id="fnref:gdpr"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:gdpr" class="footnote-ref" title="Under the auspices of GDPR, of course!" role="doc-noteref">3</a></sup>, it's perfectly possible to do so quickly from a passport.</p>
<p>The MRZ is a <em>Machine Readable</em> Zone - so it is fairly simple to OCR the text and then pass that to your NFC reader.</p>
<p>And even if the MRZ is gone, you can reconstruct it from the data printed on the passport.</p>
<p>Of course, this won't be able to detect fraudulent passports. It doesn't check against a database to see if it has been revoked<sup id="fnref:interpol"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:interpol" class="footnote-ref" title="Nor does it check if the holder is on some Interpol list." role="doc-noteref">4</a></sup>. I don't think it will detect any cryptographic anomalies.</p>
<p>But if you just want to see what's on your travel documents, it works perfectly.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:long" role="doc-endnote">
<p>There are some <a href="https://www.shopnfc.com/en/nfc-readers-writers/300-nfc-xl-reader-long-range-hf-reader.html">commercially available long range readers</a> - up to 15cm! I've no doubt some clever engineer has made a some high-powered radio device which can read things from a mile away using a <a href="https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-make-a-wifi-antenna-out-of-a-pringles-can-nb/">Pringle's tube</a>. Of note, the <a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p11_cons_en.pdf">ICAO guidance</a> says:</p>
<blockquote><p>the unencrypted communication between a contactless IC and a reader can be eavesdropped within a distance of several metres.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:long" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:old" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I'm not dumb enough to do this stuff on a <em>live</em> passport! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:old" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:sex" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Sex is complicated<sup id="fnref:giggle"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:giggle" class="footnote-ref" title="Stop giggling at the back!" role="doc-noteref">5</a></sup>. But ICAO allow for "<a href="https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf">F for female, M for male, or X for unspecified</a>". <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:sex" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:gdpr" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Under the auspices of GDPR, of course! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:gdpr" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:interpol" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Nor does it check if the holder is on some Interpol list. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:interpol" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:giggle" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Stop giggling at the back! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:giggle" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>8</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[An annoying SVG animation bug in Chrome]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61537</id>
<updated>2025-06-23T09:03:34Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-23T11:34:12Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="bug" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="chrome" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="chromium" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="svg" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Writing web standards is hard. You have to write a formal specification which is useful for machines, humans, and web developers. I recently stumbled across what I think is a little bug which might be caused by a misreading of the SVG Animation specification. Here you should see two overlapping circles gradually appear: If you're on Chrome, you…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Writing web standards is hard<sup id="fnref:experience"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:experience" class="footnote-ref" title="I do have some experience in this matter." role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>. You have to write a formal specification which is useful for machines, humans, and web developers<sup id="fnref:webdev"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:webdev" class="footnote-ref" title="Back in 2006, Catharine A. MacKinnon provokatively asked "Are Women Human?". Her argument (which I shall badly summarise) is that if women were human, then they'd be protected by universal human…" role="doc-noteref">1</a></sup>.</p>
<p>I recently stumbled across what I think is a little bug which <em>might</em> be caused by a misreading of <a href="https://svgwg.org/specs/animations/#KeyTimesAttribute">the SVG Animation specification</a>. Here you should see two overlapping circles gradually appear:</p>
<svg width="170" height="170" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path fill="#2c4169" d="M170 0H0v170h170z"></path>
<circle r="45" cx="50" cy="50" fill="#e4da2e" opacity="0">
<animate attributeName="opacity" begin="0s" dur="30s" values="0; 1;" keyTimes="0; 1" fill="freeze"></animate>
</circle>
<circle r="45" cx="80" cy="80" fill="red" opacity="0">
<animate attributeName="opacity" begin="0s" dur="30s" values="0; 1;" keyTimes="0; 1;" fill="freeze"></animate>
</circle>
</svg>
<p>If you're on Chrome, you might only see one circle animate. Why? Bloody semicolons! The bane of every programmer's existence<sup id="fnref:eng"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:eng" class="footnote-ref" title="I imagine English literature students also find them confusing; everyone does." role="doc-noteref">2</a></sup>.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://svgwg.org/specs/animations/#KeyTimesAttribute">specification for SVG Animation</a> has this text for human readers:</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>keyTimes</strong></p>
<p>A semicolon-separated list of time values used to control the pacing of the animation. Each time in the list corresponds to a value in the ‘values’ attribute list, and defines when the value is used in the animation function.</p>
<p>[…]</p>
<p>If the last semicolon separator is followed by either just white space or no more characters, ignore both the separator and the trailing white space.</p></blockquote>
<p>To me, that isn't ambiguous. The text <code>keyTimes="0; 1;"</code> has a final semicolon with nothing after it. Therefore it should be ignored. Instead, Chrome throws an hissyfit and says <code>Error: <animate> attribute keyTimes: Invalid value, "0; 1;".</code></p>
<p>But maybe the humans who wrote the description were sloppy. There's also a machine-readable formal specification. It defines the acceptable sequence as being:</p>
<p><code><number> [; <number>]* ;?</code></p>
<p>This isn't quite Backus–Naur form<sup id="fnref:bnf"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:bnf" class="footnote-ref" title="Also the bane of programmers everywhere!" role="doc-noteref">3</a></sup>, but rather <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#value-defs">CSS Values</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code><number></code> is a <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-types">component</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> are <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-combinators">grouping combinators</a>.</li>
<li>The <code>*</code> and <code>?</code> are <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-multipliers">component multipliers</a>
<ul>
<li><code>*</code> "indicates that the preceding type, word, or group occurs zero or more times."</li>
<li><code>?</code> "indicates that the preceding type, word, or group is optional (occurs zero or one times)."</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The <code>;</code> is just a semicolon<sup id="fnref:cig"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:cig" class="footnote-ref" title="Just like how sometimes a cigar is just a cigar." role="doc-noteref">4</a></sup>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Reading the definition tells us that a valid value will be a number, followed by zero-or-more groups of "semicolon and another number" with an optional final semicolon.</p>
<p>So, based on my reading, I think Chrome is wrong to throw an error here. Both Firefox and Safari work with a trailing semicolon.</p>
<p>Accordingly, I've <a href="https://issues.chromium.org/issues/427020732">raised a bug with the Chromium team</a>. If you think I have erred in this matter, please let me know.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:experience" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I do have <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-html53-20180426/">some experience in this matter</a>. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:experience" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:webdev" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Back in 2006, Catharine A. MacKinnon provokatively asked "<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrvck">Are Women Human?</a>". Her argument (which I shall badly summarise) is that if women <em>were</em> human, then they'd be protected by universal human rights. Given the state of the world then (and now) it is hard to argue that women receive as great a level of attention as the <a href="https://www.the-tls.com/politics-society/rights-equality/default-male">default male</a>. I don't intend to trivialise MacKinnon's work - but I do find it interesting that developers are often treated separately from other humans. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:webdev" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:eng" role="doc-endnote">
<p>I imagine English literature students also find them confusing; everyone does. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:eng" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:bnf" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Also the bane of programmers everywhere! <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:bnf" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:cig" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Just like how <a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/08/12/just-a-cigar/">sometimes a cigar is just a cigar</a>. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:cig" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Theatre Review: Operation Mincemeat ★★★★☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61507</id>
<updated>2025-06-22T09:14:43Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-22T11:34:01Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Theatre Review" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Everyone I know told me to go and see this show. I resisted as long as possible but managed to score cheap last-minute tickets via a friend. I wish I hadn't waited so long! If you're unaware of the book (or the film. Or the novelisation of the film. Or the Twitter thread. Or the inaccurate tumblr retelling.) the story involves a dastardly British plan to use a corpse to fool the Nazi menace…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Operation_Mincemeat-1-400-400-100-nocrop.jpeg" alt="Logo for Operation Mincemeat - a black scribble on a yellow background." width="200" height="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61508"> Everyone I know told me to go and see this show. I resisted as long as possible but managed to score cheap last-minute tickets via a friend. I wish I hadn't waited so long!</p>
<p>If you're unaware of the book (or the film. Or the novelisation of the film. Or the Twitter thread. Or the inaccurate tumblr retelling.) the story involves a dastardly British plan to use a corpse to fool the Nazi menace into diverting their troops.</p>
<p>So, naturally, this is a glitzy West End Musical. And, as befitting a story with a hundred different characters, there are five cast members playing everyone. Obviously, it is <em>very</em> silly.</p>
<p>I can't lie - I found the start of the first act a bit underwhelming. It feels derivative of every other musical I've seen; like a British "Hamilton" without the budget. But as it wore on, something magical happened. The songs become interesting, the choreography leaps alive, and the cast started playing off the audience’s energy.</p>
<p>The second act has the strongest opening I've seen in a good long while. It builds to a terrific conclusion - with just the right amount of joy and melancholy.</p>
<p>Naturally, the cast are superb. It's exhausting watching them quick-change and shimmy across the stage. They are a beautifully formed ensemble. I usually don't like seeing shows multiple times, but given the frequent cast changes I find myself curious about how the various permutations work.</p>
<p>It is an excellent and kinetic work of theatre. It revels in its daftness and knows exactly when to tug your heartstrings.</p>
<h2 id="pre-show"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/#pre-show" class="heading-link">Pre-Show</a></h2>
<p>Regular readers know how much I love discussing the pre-show elements. Mincemeat isn't as bad as most, but still treats the paying audience with the contempt London venues are known for.</p>
<p>The theatre is cramped, with a packed bar, and inadequate toilet facilities. The corridors are decorated with photos of current cast members, which is nice. There's also a pre-show trivia quiz which, while fun, is only half-a-dozen questions - essentially a thinly veiled attempt to get you onto a mailing list.</p>
<p>The cost of the programme is exorbitant - an advert filled brochure with the same information as can be found on the website.</p>
<p>On the plus side, the stall seats are spacious and there's a bar to one side (if you can afford it).</p>
<p>A single "cheap" ticket usually costs about 3-months of Netflix. Full price tickets are a monocle-popping 7-months of Netflix! At that price I'd expect a free souvenir programme and a complimentary ice-cream. And possibly a foot-massage.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://operationmincemeat.com/tickets/">ticket lottery</a> reduces prices to a shade under 2-months of Netflix.</p>
<p>There's nothing like seeing live theatre performed by a hyper-talented cast. Theatres need to understand that home entertainment is ubiquitous, cheap, <strong>and comfortable</strong>. If I can't pause your show to go for a wee, you'd better make sure you have enough loos for everyone at the interval.</p>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: Venomous Lumpsucker by Ned Beauman ★★★★★]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-venomous-lumpsucker-by-ned-beauman/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61183</id>
<updated>2025-06-13T09:16:16Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-21T11:34:56Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="satire" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Sci Fi" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[No book has the right to be this good. It's the sort of howling sci-fi satire that Ben Elton used to excel at - a novel set five minutes in the future with a eye firmly on today's problems. The plot is delightful - what if carbon credits extinction credits were the new capitalist plaything? What second, third, and forth order effects would that have on the world? The worldbuilding is sublime -…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-venomous-lumpsucker-by-ned-beauman/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hbg-title-venomous-lumpsucker-4-1.webp" alt="Book cover with fish." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61184"> No book has the right to be this good. It's the sort of howling sci-fi satire that Ben Elton used to excel at - a novel set five minutes in the future with a eye firmly on today's problems.</p>
<p>The plot is delightful - what if <del>carbon credits</del> extinction credits were the new capitalist plaything? What second, third, and forth order effects would that have on the world? The worldbuilding is sublime - with an prescient look at the evolution of DRM, Smart Contracts, AI assistants, and targetted assassinations.</p>
<p>The characters are perfectly fleshed out and gradually reveal their motivations and insecurities:</p>
<blockquote><p>one big thing about the socially normal was that they loved their social norms. Whereas Resaint couldn’t stand the politics, the niceties, the meetings where she had to spangle her expression and tone of voice with false enthusiasm just so people didn’t think she was a bitch.</p></blockquote>
<p>There is a <em>slight</em> tendency towards Socratic dialogue as a means of exposition. The satire itself isn't exactly subtle - but when it has this many twists and turns I can forgive it for laying it on a bit thick.</p>
<p>The ending(s) genuinely shocked me.</p>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Convert Shotwell Photo Metadata to Digikam Metadata]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/convert-shotwell-photo-metadata-to-digikam-metadata/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61338</id>
<updated>2025-06-13T09:16:21Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-20T11:34:37Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="cli" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="HowTo" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="linux" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Mostly notes to myself. Shotwell stores most of its information in a database. Which I lost. Because I'm an idiot. But a bunch of metadata is also stored in the image's EXIF metadata! Most importantly is the "Original File Name" which should become the "Description" in DigiKam. Unfortunately, there's no way to copy those values automatically on import. So here's a one-liner which will read…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/convert-shotwell-photo-metadata-to-digikam-metadata/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>Mostly notes to myself.</p>
<p>Shotwell stores most of its information in a database. Which I lost. Because I'm an idiot.</p>
<p>But a bunch of metadata is <em>also</em> stored in the image's EXIF metadata!</p>
<p>Most importantly is the "Original File Name" which should become the "Description" in DigiKam. Unfortunately, there's no way to copy those values automatically on import.</p>
<p>So here's a one-liner which will read the "Original File Name" and store it in the "Title" EXIF - ready for DigiKam to parse!</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">exiftool "-XMP-dc:Title<XMP-getty:OriginalFileName" whatever.jpg
</code></pre>
<p>If you want to make sure any existing Title isn't overwritten, use:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">exiftool "-XMP-dc:Title<${XMP-getty:OriginalFileName}" -if "not defined $XMP-dc:Title" whatever.jpg
</code></pre>
<p>Finally, to do it recursively, across all files:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">exiftool -r "-XMP-dc:Title<${XMP-getty:OriginalFileName}" -if "not defined $XMP-dc:Title" /path/to/images
</code></pre>
</body></html>]]></content>
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<thr:total>0</thr:total>
</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: If Only They Didn't Speak English - Notes From Trump's America by Jon Sopel ★★⯪☆☆]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-if-only-they-didnt-speak-english-notes-from-trumps-america-by-jon-sopel/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61202</id>
<updated>2025-06-19T13:22:45Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-19T11:34:55Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="politics" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[I expected so much more from this book. It starts with a central thesis - the UK over-indexes on America because we speak the same language, but there is an enormous gulf in attitudes between the two nations. We rarely hear on the news what's happening in France, Germany, or Ireland even though they're much closer geographically, politically, and culturally. That sounds like a pretty good book! …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-if-only-they-didnt-speak-english-notes-from-trumps-america-by-jon-sopel/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cover.jpg" alt="Book Cover." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61203"> I expected so much more from this book. It starts with a central thesis - the UK over-indexes on America because we speak the same language, but there is an enormous gulf in attitudes between the two nations. We rarely hear on the news what's happening in France, Germany, or Ireland even though they're much closer geographically, politically, and culturally.</p>
<p>That sounds like a pretty good book!</p>
<p>Instead, we get "what I learned on my holiday to the USA by Jon Sopel aged 57 and ¾".</p>
<p>We learn, for example, that America likes guns. There's a <em>bit</em> of an analysis of why and how lobbying shapes it, but it is fairly surface-level stuff. There's a little bit of a comparison with the UK's attitudes, but not much. Similarly, they're much more religious, racist, and have a convoluted relationship with the truth. Their constitution, elections, and media landscape are also different. It feels like pop-facts rather than anything deeper.</p>
<p>There are some brilliant insider anecdotes which, thankfully, don't stray into fawning name-dropping. For example, this little nugget about the Hillary Clinton victory rally that never was:</p>
<blockquote><p>Throughout the evening two men were posted to each corner of our broadcast ‘riser’ and they sat at machines with large conical funnels pointing upwards. These were the machines that would launch into the air millions of shards of shiny paper to recreate the effect of a glass ceiling shattering.</p></blockquote>
<p>He also makes some grimly accurate prophesies:</p>
<blockquote><p>And are you really going to start a trade war with China – and everyone else for that matter, with all the consequences that might bring for the global economy?</p></blockquote>
<p>Towards the end, when discussing how Trump came to dominate, he says:</p>
<blockquote><p>Books much weightier than this will be written about the abject failure of the conventional media to comprehend fully the parameters of this new world</p></blockquote>
<p>I think I was expecting this to be a bit weightier and to set out some way forward.</p>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Why do people have such dramatically different experiences using AI?]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/why-do-people-have-such-dramatically-different-experiences-using-ai/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61410</id>
<updated>2025-06-18T13:33:24Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-18T11:34:09Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="AI" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="LLM" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[For some people, it seems, AI is an amazing machine which - while fallible - represents an incredible leap forward in productivity. For other people, it seems, AI is wrong more often than right and - although occasionally useful - requires constant supervision. Who is right? I recently pointed out a few common problems with LLMs. I was discussing this with someone relatively senior who works…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/why-do-people-have-such-dramatically-different-experiences-using-ai/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>For some people, it seems, AI is an amazing machine which - while fallible - represents an incredible leap forward in productivity.</p>
<p>For other people, it seems, AI is wrong more often than right and - although occasionally useful - requires constant supervision.</p>
<p>Who is right?</p>
<p>I recently pointed out <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/large-language-models-and-pareidolia/">a few common problems with LLMs</a>. I was discussing this with someone relatively senior who works on Google's Gemini. I explained that <em>every</em> time I get a Google AI overview it is wrong. Sometimes obviously wrong, sometimes subtly wrong. I asked if that was really the experience of AI Google wanted to promote? My friend replied (lightly edited for clarity):</p>
<blockquote><p>I find AI Overview to be helpful for my searches and my work. I use it all the time to look up technical terms and hardware specs.</p></blockquote>
<p>I, somewhat impolitely, called bullshit and sent a couple of screenshots of recent cases where Google was just laughably wrong. He replied:</p>
<blockquote><p>Interesting. We are seeing the opposite.</p></blockquote>
<p>Why is that?</p>
<p>I'll happily concede that LLMs are reasonable at outputting stuff which <em>looks</em> plausible and - in many cases - that's all that's necessary. If I can't remember which command line switch to use, AI is easier than crappy documentation. Similarly, if I don't know how to program a specific function, most AIs are surprisingly decent at providing me with something which <em>mostly</em> works.</p>
<p>But the more I know about something, the less competent the AI seems to be.</p>
<p>Let me give you a good example.</p>
<p>At my friend's prompting, I asked Gemini to OCR an old newspaper clipping. It is a decent resolution scan of English text printed in columns. The sort of thing a million AI projects have been trained on. Here's a sample:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Children.webp" alt="Scan of some text." width="437" height="174" class="size-full wp-image-61413">
<p>So what did Gemini make of it when asked to extract the text from it?</p>
<blockquote>Children at Witham's Chip-<br>
ping Hill Infants School are en-<br>
gaged in trying out all sorts of<br>
imaginations ready for October<br>
31... "And god knows what<br>
strange spirits will be abroad."<br></blockquote>
<p>That reads pretty well. It is <em>utterly</em> wrong, but it is convincing. This isn't a one-off either. Later in the clipping was this:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Witch.webp" alt="Scan of some text." width="425" height="229" class="size-full wp-image-61412">
<p>I'm sure a child of 6 could read that aloud without making any mistakes. Is Gemini as smart as a 6-year-old?</p>
<blockquote>All the children say halloween<br>
is fun. So it is for 6-year-old<br>
Joanne Kirby admits she will be<br>
staying up to watch on October<br>
31, just in case. She has made a<br>
paper "witch," to "tell stories<br>
about witches," she said.<br></blockquote>
<p>Again, superficially right, but not accurate in the slightest.</p>
<p>There were half a dozen mistakes in a 300 word article. That, frankly, is shit. I could have copy-typed it and made fewer mistakes. I probably spent more time correcting the output than I saved by using AI.</p>
<p>Boring old Tesseract - a mainstay of OCR - did far better. Yes, it might occasionally mistake a speck of dust for a comma or confuse two similar characters - but it has never invented new sentences!</p>
<p>Like a fool, I asked Gemini what was going on:</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GeminiShit.webp" alt="Me: That's a really bad job. You've invented lots of words which aren't there. Try again. Gemini: I understand you weren't satisfied with the previous transcription. Unfortunately, I can't directly perform OCR on images. However, there are many apps available that can do this. You can search online for 'OCR apps' to find one that suits your needs." width="1024" height="375" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-61411">
<p><a href="https://g.co/gemini/share/af5e6ed3d1ea">Here's a link to the conversation if you don't believe me</a>.</p>
<p>This isn't just a problem with Gemini - ChatGPT also invented brand-new sentences when scanning the text.</p>
<blockquote><p>All the children say Halloween is fun, rather than frightening. Six-year-old Joanne Kirby admits she will be “a scary little witch” on the night, but she does like ghost stories.</p></blockquote>
<p>So what's going on?</p>
<blockquote class="bluesky-embed" data-bluesky-uri="at://did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v/app.bsky.feed.post/3lrstc3b2l227" data-bluesky-cid="bafyreidpyzj4sdakngcubvh4hzusyw5ub54zqhr6wc3evio4eghvlnvw5q"><p lang="en">A question one has to ask of any source, including LLMs but also newspapers, influencers, podcasts, books, etc., is "how would I know if they were wrong?"This is not a prompt to doubt everything – down that path is denialism – but about reflecting on how much you rely on even "trusted" sources.</p>— <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v?ref_src=embed">Adrian Hon (@adrianhon.bsky.social)</a> <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v/post/3lrstc3b2l227?ref_src=embed">2025-06-17T15:39:06.772Z</a></blockquote>
<script async="" src="https://embed.bsky.app/static/embed.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<p>With OCR, it is simple. I can read the ground-truth and see how it compares to the generated output. I don't have to trust; I can verify.</p>
<p>I suppose I mostly use AI for things with which I have a passing familiarity. I can quickly see when it is wrong. I've never used it for, say, tax advice or instructions to dismantle a nuclear bomb. I'd have zero idea if the information it spat back was in any way accurate.</p>
<p>Is that the difference? If you don't understand what you're asking for then you can't judge whether you're being mugged off.</p>
<p>Or is there something more fundamentally different between users which results in this disparity of experience?</p>
<img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-t-shirt-which-says-Dunning-and-Kruger-and-Gell-and-Mann.jpeg" alt="A t-shirt which says Dunning and Kruger and Gell and Mann." width="540" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-35422">
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: Beyond Measure - The Hidden History of Measurement by James Vincent ★★★★⯪]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-beyond-measure-the-hidden-history-of-measurement-by-james-vincent/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61180</id>
<updated>2025-06-06T10:13:46Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-17T11:34:39Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="history" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[This is a charming travelogue through the confusing and contradictory world of measurement. It has a similar thesis to Seeing Like A State by James C. Scott and is infinitely easier to read than Inventing Temperature by Hasok Chang Emanuele Lugli has noted, units of measurement are, for the powerful, ‘sly tools of subjugation’. Each time they’re deployed, they turn the world ‘into a place that …]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-beyond-measure-the-hidden-history-of-measurement-by-james-vincent/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beyond-Measure-447x690-1.jpg" alt="Book cover." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61181"> This is a charming travelogue through the confusing and contradictory world of measurement. It has a similar thesis to <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2021/11/book-review-seeing-like-a-state-james-c-scott/">Seeing Like A State by James C. Scott</a> and is infinitely easier to read than <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2023/05/book-review-inventing-temperature-hasok-chang/">Inventing Temperature by Hasok Chang</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Emanuele Lugli has noted, units of measurement are, for the powerful, ‘sly tools of subjugation’. Each time they’re deployed, they turn the world ‘into a place that continues to make sense as long as the power that legitimises the measurements rests in place’.</p></blockquote>
<p>One thing that struck me was how often we squash measurements down into something human and usable.</p>
<blockquote><p>As Kula notes, many historical studies of medieval metrology refer to the ‘primitivism’ and ‘crudity’ of elastic units, but in reality they are well fitted to the needs of the people who used them, embodying the relationship of humans to the land and capturing the necessities of their work.</p></blockquote>
<p>Americans (wrongly) claim that Fahrenheit feels more natural. It doesn't; they're just used to it. But it does show that we have a bias for familiarity which stops the adoption of new forms and scales.</p>
<p>It dives into the human, social, and religious requirements for measurement. I particularly liked this little aside:</p>
<blockquote><p>It’s perhaps due to this symbolic potency that the Bible mentions measurement more often than it does charity.</p></blockquote>
<p>It is also a good compliment to <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-a-history-of-the-world-in-47-borders-the-stories-behind-the-lines-on-our-maps-by-jonn-elledge/">A History of the World in 47 Borders</a> - it shows how measurement lead to conquest, colonialism, and social upheaval.</p>
<p>Rather delightfully, the author goes a little gonzo and reports first-hand from various measurement sites. This isn't a dusty retelling of some encyclopædia article, it is a living exploration of the ritual around measurement. At times it appears that science and religion have an equal fervour for ceremony and obedience.</p>
<p>There is particular ire for the cultish weirdos of the Quantified Self movement, and it loops back to how measurement is a way for the uneasy to impose a sense of order on the world.</p>
<p>I found it a little too credulous about <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2020/02/weeknotes-reading-week/#the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-shoshana-zuboff">Zuboff's work on surveillance</a>, but that's a minor criticism.</p>
<p>An excellent book for anyone interested in both the philosophy and practicality of measurement.</p>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Your Password Algorithm Sucks]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61259</id>
<updated>2025-06-25T19:59:11Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-16T11:34:07Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="CyberSecurity" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="passwords" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="security" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[There are two sorts of people in the world; those who know they are stupid and those who think they are clever. Stupid people use a password manager. They know they can't remember a hundred different passwords and so outsource the thinking to something reasonably secure. I'm a stupid person and am very happy to have BitWarden generate and save fiendishly complex unique passwords which are then…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p>There are two sorts of people in the world; those who know they are stupid and those who think they are clever.</p>
<p>Stupid people use a password manager. They know they can't remember a hundred different passwords and so outsource the thinking to something reasonably secure. I'm a stupid person and am very happy to have BitWarden generate and save fiendishly complex unique passwords which are then protected by the app's MFA. Lovely!</p>
<p>But people who think they are clever decide to bypass that and use their own super-secret algorithm.</p>
<p>Every clever person's algorithm boils down to the same thing:</p>
<ol>
<li>Have a single strong main password.</li>
<li>Add to it some information related to the service.</li>
</ol>
<p>For example <code>P@ssw0rd!_facebook</code> and <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin</code>. On the surface, that's quite an attractive proposition. You remember one thing and you don't need to trust a password manager.</p>
<p>People who are <em>extra</em> clever use the same algorithm but wrap it in a command-line function which XORs both pieces of data, creates a SHA-512 hash, takes every prime numbered bit, converts to ASCII, and uses <em>that</em> to generate a password. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls5BFzuxGw4">Smart!</a></p>
<p>Either way, these algorithms <strong>suck!</strong> Let me explain why.</p>
<h2 id="password-leaking"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-leaking" class="heading-link">Password Leaking</a></h2>
<p>One day, LinkedIn decides to <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/blog/member/trust-and-safety/protecting-our-members">LeakedOut its users' passwords</a>. Anyone who can see <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin</code> can make a pretty good guess at your password for Facebook, banking, dating, and shopping etc. This means you now need to change <em>every</em> password that you have.</p>
<p>Even if you have used some amazing cryptographic powerhouse of an algorithm, there's still a chance you'll accidentally leak it or get so paranoid that you decide to invalidate it. Now you need to change your password on hundreds of sites.</p>
<h2 id="password-rotation"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-rotation" class="heading-link">Password Rotation</a></h2>
<p>We all know that it is <a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/collection/passwords/updating-your-approach">a bad idea to ask your users to regularly change their passwords</a> - yet sites often persist in doing so.</p>
<p>How does your algorithm cope with this?</p>
<p>Do you have to remember that it is <code>P@ssw0rd!_facebook_1</code> and <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin_23</code>?</p>
<p>Perhaps you'll write down all the suffixes and find a way to store them securely - like, say, a password manager?</p>
<h2 id="password-requirements"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-requirements" class="heading-link">Password Requirements</a></h2>
<p>One site says "Your password <em>must</em> contain a special character and a number" another says "You can use any special character <em>except</em> % or ?" another refuses to let your password contain two consecutive identical characters, or it <em>must</em> start with a number, or it cannot be longer than 12 characters. Yes, I know password rules like this aren't sensible - but they <em>are</em> common.</p>
<p>How does your algorithm cope with that?</p>
<p>If you manually have to tweak a couple of dozen passwords generated by your algorithm, you are going to tie yourself in knots remembering the arcane requirements for each one.</p>
<h2 id="be-stupid-use-a-password-manager"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#be-stupid-use-a-password-manager" class="heading-link">Be Stupid - Use A Password Manager</a></h2>
<p>Humans are stupid<sup id="fnref:not"><a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#fn:not" class="footnote-ref" title="Not you, of course. You're mummy's extra-special boy who never makes mistakes." role="doc-noteref">0</a></sup>. Humans get tired, forgetful, or sick. Our delicious meaty brains are not optimised to remember long strings of complex information or hundreds of rarely used combinations. Knowing that you know not is a super-power. It allows you to offload things that you don't understand to something more competent.</p>
<p>Pick a password manager. Secure it with a reasonably strong password and multi-factor authentication. Let it do the hard work of remembering.</p>
<div class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr>
<ol start="0">
<li id="fn:not" role="doc-endnote">
<p>Not you, of course. You're mummy's extra-special boy who never makes mistakes. <a href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#fnref:not" class="footnote-backref" role="doc-backlink"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png" alt="↩" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" />︎</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</body></html>]]></content>
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</entry>
<entry>
<author>
<name>@edent</name>
</author>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Book Review: What We Talk About When We Talk About Books - The History and Future of Reading by Leah Price ★★★★★]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-books-the-history-and-future-of-reading-by-leah-price/" />
<id>https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61169</id>
<updated>2025-06-05T20:36:34Z</updated>
<published>2025-06-15T11:34:55Z</published>
<category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="/etc/" /><category scheme="https://shkspr.mobi/blog" term="Book Review" />
<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Is reading a morally good pastime? Do eBooks rot the brain in the same way that pulp paperbacks do? Should people of feeble character be allowed unfettered access to books? Show me how you want to read, and I’ll show you who you want to be. Leah Price has produced a pithy and astonishing look at what books were and whether they will survive. It is, perhaps, a little overwrought and o…]]></summary>
<content type="html" xml:base="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-books-the-history-and-future-of-reading-by-leah-price/"><![CDATA[
<html><head></head><body><p><img src="https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/97804650426851.webp" alt="Book cover featuring twisted book pages." width="200" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-61170"> Is reading a morally good pastime? Do eBooks rot the brain in the same way that pulp paperbacks do? Should people of feeble character be allowed unfettered access to books?</p>
<blockquote><p>Show me how you want to read, and I’ll show you who you want to be.</p></blockquote>
<p>Leah Price has produced a pithy and astonishing look at what books were and whether they will survive. It is, perhaps, a little overwrought and overwritten - but I revelled in the its joyous use of language.</p>
<blockquote><p>Perhaps print is to digital as Madonna is to whore: we worship one but use the other.</p></blockquote>
<p>It put forwards some provocative arguments and isn't afraid to show the counterpoint in its footnotes.</p>
<blockquote><p>Same text, different books: the very same sequence of words means something different—does something different—depending on whether it’s made for a desk or a pocket, a classroom or a church. Comparing these two editions of the same text makes visible how much of our reaction to a book is shaped by factors other than the words it contains. Its look and feel and smell instruct us wordlessly in how and why to read it—alone or in company, in search of learning or of salvation.</p></blockquote>
<p>How does DRM affect this, I wonder? If books are locked down then they cannot be analysed. Conversely, when every reader can choose their own font and hyphenation strategy, do we lose some collective experience?</p>
<p>Similarly, eReaders don't display their cover to fellow passengers on public transport. A boon for the privacy conscious, but means we lose the social signal that simply <em>everyone</em> is reading this new book.</p>
<p>Is reading for everyone?</p>
<blockquote><p>Once a sign of economic power, reading has become the province of those whose time lacks value.</p></blockquote>
<p>Harsh! The whole book is a powerful argument that books are a powerful argument. No matter what form the words are delivered in, some paranoid Moms will always want to see books from library shelves untimely ripp'd. There are, of course, an equal and opposite set of mothers who protest against cuts to literacy funding.</p>
<p>I sometimes wonder if any modern techbro CEOs have ever picked up a history book. Back in 1913, Thomas Edison was asked about the education powers of his new invention - the motion picture:</p>
<blockquote><p>“Books,” declared the inventor with decision, “will soon be obsolete in the public schools. Scholars will be instructed through the eye. It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed inside of ten years.</p></blockquote>
<p>Books outlasted his prediction. They outlasted him. They will morph, adapt, scatter, and devour until they outlast us all.</p>
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"title": "Making My Own Hacktoberfest T-Shirts",
"description": "Between 2014 and 2022, DigitalOcean sent free t-shirts to developers who completed the Hacktoberfest challenge. For entirely sensible reasons related to sustainability and spammy entrants, they stopped doing physical merchandise in 2023. I'm the sort of hip fashionista who only wears free conference t-shirts. GDS@GDSTeamWe support open source. And we’ve got the t-shirts to prove it (thanks @…",
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"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>Between 2014 and 2022, DigitalOcean sent free t-shirts to developers who completed the Hacktoberfest challenge. For entirely sensible reasons related to sustainability and spammy entrants, they stopped doing physical merchandise in 2023.</p>\n\n<p>I'm the sort of hip fashionista who <em>only</em> wears free conference t-shirts.</p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"social-embed\" id=\"social-embed-958377102641893376\" lang=\"en\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/SocialMediaPosting\"><header class=\"social-embed-header\" itemprop=\"author\" itemscope=\"\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/Person\"><a href=\"https://twitter.com/GDSTeam\" class=\"social-embed-user\" itemprop=\"url\"><img class=\"social-embed-avatar social-embed-avatar-circle\" src=\"data:image/webp;base64,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\" alt=\"\" itemprop=\"image\"><div class=\"social-embed-user-names\"><p class=\"social-embed-user-names-name\" itemprop=\"name\">GDS</p>@GDSTeam</div></a><img class=\"social-embed-logo\" alt=\"Twitter\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%0Aaria-label%3D%22Twitter%22%20role%3D%22img%22%0AviewBox%3D%220%200%20512%20512%22%3E%3Cpath%0Ad%3D%22m0%200H512V512H0%22%0Afill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%231d9bf0%22%20d%3D%22m458%20140q-23%2010-45%2012%2025-15%2034-43-24%2014-50%2019a79%2079%200%2000-135%2072q-101-7-163-83a80%2080%200%200024%20106q-17%200-36-10s-3%2062%2064%2079q-19%205-36%201s15%2053%2074%2055q-50%2040-117%2033a224%20224%200%2000346-200q23-16%2040-41%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\"></header><section class=\"social-embed-text\" itemprop=\"articleBody\">We support open source. And we’ve got the t-shirts to prove it (thanks <a href=\"https://twitter.com/github\">@github</a> <a href=\"https://twitter.com/digitalocean\">@digitalocean</a>). GDS took part in <a href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/Hacktoberfest\">#Hacktoberfest</a> this year, contributing to open source projects as part of a global community <a href=\"https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/\">hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com</a> <a href=\"https://x.com/gdsteam/status/958377102641893376/photo/1\">pic.x.com/AkM09LGono</a><div class=\"social-embed-media-grid\"><a href=\"https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DUzWotoW0AAFMmK.jpg\" class=\"social-embed-media-link\"><img class=\"social-embed-media\" alt=\"Terence, Andrea and Anna wearing Hacktoberfest t-shirts\" 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\"></a></div></section><hr class=\"social-embed-hr\"><footer class=\"social-embed-footer\"><a href=\"https://twitter.com/GDSTeam/status/958377102641893376\"><span aria-label=\"24 likes\" class=\"social-embed-meta\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2764.png\" alt=\"❤\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /> 24</span><span aria-label=\"3 replies\" class=\"social-embed-meta\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f4ac.png\" alt=\"💬\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /> 3</span><span aria-label=\"0 reposts\" class=\"social-embed-meta\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/1f501.png\" alt=\"🔁\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /> 0</span><time datetime=\"2018-01-30T16:31:21.000Z\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">16:31 - Tue 30 January 2018</time></a></footer></blockquote>\n\n<p>Sadly, after several years of constant catwalk modelling, my beloved Hacktoberfest shirts are full of holes. I couldn't find any for sale on eBay or Vinted - so I decided to make my own.</p>\n\n<p>Note: <a href=\"https://github.com/Hacktoberfest/hacktoberfest-2022/blob/main/src/assets/brand-guidelines.pdf\">DigitalOcean's Brand Guidelines</a> say that you shouldn't create physical merchandise or sell any products featuring the logo. Well, I'm not selling these nor, do I think, they are merchandise. Hacktoberfest aren't using these to incentivise anyone any more. They're just cool t-shirts.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"the-logos\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#the-logos\" class=\"heading-link\">The Logos</a></h2>\n\n<p>There are <a href=\"https://dev.to/fernandezbaptiste/last-10-years-of-hacktoberfest-merch-a-journey-through-time-8od\">lots of photos of the t-shirts</a> but it is surprisingly hard to find the original assets.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"low-resolution\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#low-resolution\" class=\"heading-link\">Low Resolution</a></h3>\n\n<p>Kotis - a design agency - did the Hacktoberfest swag from 2015-2020. They have a <a href=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/portfolio/digital-ocean-hacktoberfest/\">brand portfolio</a> with the t-shirt icons. Sadly, all a bit low resolution for printing, but good for getting accurate background colours for the material.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>2020 <img src=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-18.png\" alt=\"\"></li>\n<li>2019 <img src=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-19.png\" alt=\"\"></li>\n<li>2018 <img src=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-20.png\" alt=\"\"></li>\n<li>2017 <img src=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-21.png\" alt=\"\"></li>\n<li>2016 <img src=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-22.png\" alt=\"\"></li>\n<li>2015 <img src=\"https://go.kotisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Artboard-23.png\" alt=\"\"></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Similarly, there are a few low resolution promo shots of the t-shirts or their logos:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/2f1eggqi7zgs0cj38j2p.jpg\">2022</a> (back of t-shirt)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/99407553/194741467-af241be9-e0df-4f43-88a8-9236a253a555.jpg\">2021</a> (t-shirt)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://cerealtree.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/hacktober.png\">2016</a> (more accurate colours)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/d13f20be-66f9-11e5-8478-992126efc469.png\">2015</a> (logo)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2014Logo.webp\">2014</a> (logo)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>AI upscaling looked typically rubbish.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"higher-resolution-bitmaps\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#higher-resolution-bitmaps\" class=\"heading-link\">Higher Resolution Bitmaps</a></h3>\n\n<p>Some designers have their logo designs on Dribbble. Not <em>very</em> high resolution, but good enough for stickers.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://dribbble.com/shots/8192199-Hacktoberfest-2019-logo\">2019</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://dribbble.com/shots/5333694-Hacktoberfest-2018\">2018</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://dribbble.com/shots/3814307-Hactoberfest-2017\">2017</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://dribbble.com/shots/2988111-Hactoberfest-2016\">2016</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<h3 id=\"archived-logos\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#archived-logos\" class=\"heading-link\">Archived Logos</a></h3>\n\n<p>The official Hacktoberfest website had some logos embedded on it:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001041836/https://hacktoberfest.com/\">2022</a> (SVG logo)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930141101im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hf19-full-10f3c000cea930c76acc1dedc516ea7118b95353220869a3051848e45ff1d656.svg\">2019</a> (SVG)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001075142if_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hacktoberfest-658b5aa2bd34e782d29c40bf6afbdff00f20fe1328efa6da17743878ba8db66f.png\">2018</a> (PNG with transparent background)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913052813/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/\">2017</a> (SVG)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"best-of-the-bunch\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#best-of-the-bunch\" class=\"heading-link\">Best of the bunch</a></h2>\n\n<p>These are the best available logos. The SVGs are suitable for printing at any size, the PNGs may be harder.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/logopedia/images/7/7f/Hacktoberfest_icon_2022.svg\">2022</a> (SVG logo)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://github.com/Hacktoberfest/hacktoberfest-2020/blob/master/app/assets/images/HF-full-logo.svg\">2020</a> (SVG)</li>\n<li><a href=\"//web.archive.org/web/20190930141101im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/logo-hf19-full-10f3c000cea930c76acc1dedc516ea7118b95353220869a3051848e45ff1d656.svg\">2019</a> (SVG)</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2018Logo.webp\">2018</a> (WebP 1155x898)</li>\n<li><a href=\"//web.archive.org/web/20170913052813/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/\">2017</a> (SVG embedded in page)</li>\n<li><a href=\"//web.archive.org/web/20161022114022im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/assets/h-ceffbf9c09a918a4eda57f3a80f70e71b778ae233ece6f0ce41105316ddd3a64.svg\">2016</a> (SVG)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"missing\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#missing\" class=\"heading-link\">Missing</a></h2>\n\n<p>The following are missing 2014, 2015, 2021, 2022 (comic). There are photos of the shirts, and some low-resolution artwork available, all of which are too low quality to be printed. If you know how to get high-resolution images of them - please leave a comment!</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"2021\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#2021\" class=\"heading-link\">2021</a></h3>\n\n<p>There are <em>some</em> elements out there. For example:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.behance.net/gallery/128630281/HacktoberFest-2021\">This Behance profile of Hacktoberfest 2021</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930065625im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/_nuxt/img/logo-hacktoberfest-full.f42e3b1.svg\">The official logo</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150155im_/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/_nuxt/img/logo-hacktoberfest-full2.aa1e9d9.svg\">The logo with the t-shirt colour scheme</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150151/https://hacktoberfest.digitalocean.com/brandguidelines\">The brand guidelines</a> for more accurate colour reproduction.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h3 id=\"2014\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#2014\" class=\"heading-link\">2014</a></h3>\n\n<p>There's not much available about the first t-shirt. There's a <a href=\"https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/images/2014Logo.webp\">version of the logo used</a> and <a href=\"https://community.nodebb.org/topic/2948/digital-ocean-free-t-shirts\">some photos</a> but that's about it.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"photos-of-t-shirts\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#photos-of-t-shirts\" class=\"heading-link\">Photos of T-Shirts</a></h2>\n\n<p>If you want to compare the logos to the originals, and see what colour fabric they used, there are lots of photo online:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/hacktoberfest/comments/16vzkes/here_is_my_collection_which_design_is_your/\">Reddit collection</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://hacktoberfesthowto.github.io/history/\">History of Hacktoberfest</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"end-result\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/making-my-own-hacktoberfest-t-shirts/#end-result\" class=\"heading-link\">End Result</a></h2>\n\n<p>If I can't find the missing logos, I'll create my own design for my own personal use. Something like this:</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/double-t.webp\" alt=\"Two t-shirts with the various Hacktoberfest logos stacked on them.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"464\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61672\">\n\n<p>If you have a source for vectors of the missing logos, please drop me a comment.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"label": "/etc/",
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"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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"label": "hacking",
"term": "hacking",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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"label": "Hacktoberfest",
"term": "Hacktoberfest",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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"term": "t-shirt",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=60985",
"title": "Process Vs Prejudice",
"description": "I recently read an interesting article about Accountability Sinks. In it, the author argues that part of the reason for having business processes is that they diffuse accountability. Every one of us has tried to have an argument with an employee of a big company, and it always goes like this: the human being you are speaking to is only allowed to follow a set of processes and rules that pass on …",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/process-vs-prejudice/",
"published": "2025-07-03T11:34:05.000Z",
"updated": "2025-07-01T09:16:31.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>I recently read an interesting article about <a href=\"https://250bpm.substack.com/p/accountability-sinks\">Accountability Sinks</a>. In it, the author argues that part of the reason for having business processes is that they diffuse accountability.</p>\n\n<p>Every one of us has tried to have an argument with an employee of a big company, and it always goes like this:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>the human being you are speaking to is only allowed to follow a set of processes and rules that pass on decisions made at a higher level of the corporate hierarchy. It’s often a frustrating experience; you want to get angry, but you can’t really blame the person you’re talking to.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>So should we give people more discretion in which processes they follow?</p>\n\n<p>In some cases, yes! The article contains some compelling examples of when \"breaking the rules\" is the preferable outcome.</p>\n\n<p>But there are some unacknowledged downsides to letting people decide which rules are applicable - and that's people's personal prejudices.</p>\n\n<p>The article say some of the discontent with the modern world can be blamed on over-adherence to rules. For example:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>The skepticism toward judges? It fits. They often seem more devoted to procedure than to justice.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Imagine a world without <a href=\"https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/sentencing-and-the-council/about-sentencing-guidelines/\">sentencing guidelines</a>. Perhaps the judge is from a different tribe to the accused and punishes them much more harshly than a clan-member. Would that seem fair?</p>\n\n<p>The customer service agent just doesn't like people of your gender, and refuses to process your refund.</p>\n\n<p>You give the bank manager a firm handshake and he approves your loan - even though you don't <em>technically</em> qualify you look like a decent sort of chap.</p>\n\n<p>And on it goes.</p>\n\n<p>Look, there's no doubt plenty of bias encoded within processes. All processes should be regularly reviewed and updated. Breaking a process in extremis can be a good idea. When confronted with an inflexible policy, you may feel like a mere cog in a machine - but at least the machine is prevented from discriminating against your type of cogs.</p>\n\n<p>A well-defined process dehumanises <em>both</em> sides.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"label": "/etc/",
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"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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"label": "forms",
"term": "forms",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "politics",
"term": "politics",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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},
{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61157",
"title": "Book Review: The World According to Cunk - An Illustrated History of All World Events Ever, Space Permitting by Philomena Cunk ★★★★★",
"description": "There are some characters whose tone of voice is inimitable. You cannot fail to read this without Diane Morgan's languid cadence echoing in your big empty head. The book has been written with a very specific pace - one chuckle per paragraph, a big laugh every page, and a set number of uncontrollable giggles per chapter. Somewhat formulaic, but highly effective. I kept highlighting bits of it…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/book-review-the-world-according-to-cunk-an-illustrated-history-of-all-world-events-ever-space-permitting-by-philomena-cunk/",
"published": "2025-07-02T11:34:17.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-25T08:30:28.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hbg-title-the-world-according-to-cunk-3-5.webp\" alt=\"Book cover with famous people on the front.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61158\">There are some characters whose tone of voice is inimitable. You cannot fail to read this without Diane Morgan's languid cadence echoing in your big empty head.</p>\n\n<p>The book has been written with a very specific pace - one chuckle per paragraph, a big laugh every page, and a set number of uncontrollable giggles per chapter. Somewhat formulaic, but highly effective.</p>\n\n<p>I kept highlighting bits of it and showing them to my wife. After the 8th or 9th time she grabbed her own copy and started showing me the bits she found funny.</p>\n\n<p>It's just endlessly quotable. \"The emperor eventually died and was buried with a load of clay figures – like Nick Park will be.\" and \"a sort of naughty typewriter called the Enigma machine\" still keep me guffawing.</p>\n\n<p>The long-running callbacks are perfect, as are the inclusion of a few <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIsc6zirBSw\">fan favourite jokes</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Even the fucking <em>index</em> of this book is hilarious.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61677",
"title": "Are Brother's Insecure Printers Illegal in the UK?",
"description": "Another day, another security disaster! This time, multiple printers from Brother have an unfixable security flaw. That's bad, obviously, but is it illegally bad? Let's take a look at details of the vulnerability: An unauthenticated attacker who knows the target device's serial number, can generate the default administrator password for the device. Recently, the UK brought in some laws aimed…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/",
"published": "2025-07-01T11:34:15.000Z",
"updated": "2025-07-01T09:16:24.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>Another day, another security disaster! This time, <a href=\"https://www.theverge.com/news/694877/brother-printers-security-flaw-password-vulnerability\">multiple printers from Brother have an unfixable security flaw</a>. That's bad, obviously, but is it <em>illegally</em> bad<sup id=\"fnref:law\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:law\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"I'm not a lawyer. This is not legal advice. This is just my interpretation of what's going on. If in doubt, consult someone qualified.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">0</a></sup>?</p>\n\n<p>Let's take a look <a href=\"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-51978\">at details of the vulnerability</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>An unauthenticated attacker who knows the target device's serial number, can generate the default administrator password for the device.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Recently, the UK brought in some laws aimed at strengthening consumer protection - the Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure act (PSTI). There's <a href=\"https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/smart-devices-law\">a readable summary on the National Cyber Security Centre's website</a>.</p>\n\n<p>There are three interesting points to note in that blog post. The first is about passwords:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>The law means manufacturers must ensure that all their smart devices meet basic cyber security requirements. Specifically:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>The manufacturer must not supply devices that use default passwords, which can be easily discovered online, and shared.</li>\n</ol></blockquote>\n\n<p>Secondly, is a question of jurisdiction:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Most smart devices are manufactured outside the UK, but the PSTI act also applies to all organisations importing or retailing products for the UK market. Failure to comply with the act is a criminal offence</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Thirdly, what is actually covered:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>The law applies to any ‘consumer smart device’ that connects either to the internet, or to a home network (for example by wifi).</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Is a WiFi enabled printer a \"consumer smart device\"? One of the things that techies find confusing is that the law is <em>not</em> code. It usually doesn't enumerate a definitive list of what is and what isn't in scope. It gives a general outline and then allows case-law to develop. This means laws don't need to be updated when someone invents, say, an Internet connected tinfoil dispenser.</p>\n\n<p>Let's move beyond the consumer-friendly summary and go to the actual law. <a href=\"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1007/schedule/1/made\">The Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure (Security Requirements for Relevant Connectable Products) Regulations 2023</a></p>\n\n<blockquote><ol start=\"2\">\n<li><p>Passwords must be—</p>\n\n<p>a. unique per product; or</p>\n\n<p>b. defined by the user of the product.</p></li>\n<li><p>Passwords which are unique per product must not be—</p>\n\n<p>a. based on incremental counters;</p>\n\n<p>b. based on or derived from publicly available information;</p>\n\n<p>c. based on or derived from unique product identifiers, such as serial numbers, unless this is done using an encryption method, or keyed hashing algorithm, that is accepted as part of good industry practice;</p>\n\n<p>d. otherwise guessable in a manner unacceptable as part of good industry practice.</p></li>\n</ol></blockquote>\n\n<p>How does this apply to the printers? Rapid7, who discovered the vulnerability, <a href=\"https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/multiple-brother-devices-multiple-vulnerabilities-fixed/\">have this to say about how it works</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>[The vulnerability] allows an attacker to leak a serial number via the target's HTTP, HTTPS, and IPP services. However, should an attacker not be able to leverage [the vulnerability], a remote unauthenticated attacker can still discover a target device's serial number via either a PJL or SNMP query</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>So, yes. The default password <em>is</em> unique but it can be automatically derived from the serial number. That serial number is available to anyone with a network connection to the printer.</p>\n\n<p>But, do printers fall under the scope of this act?</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/46/part/1/enacted#section-4\">Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure Act 2022</a> says:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>4 Relevant connectable products</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>In this Part “relevant connectable product” means a product that meets conditions A and B.</p></li>\n<li><p>Condition A is that the product is—</p>\n\n<p>A. an internet-connectable product, or</p>\n\n<p>B. a network-connectable product.</p></li>\n<li><p>Condition B is that the product is not an excepted product (see section 6).</p></li>\n</ol></blockquote>\n\n<p>It goes on to define what Internet-connectable means, along with some other clarifying details. But is there a get-out clause here? Are printers an \"excepted product\"?</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>In this Part “excepted product” means a product of a description specified in regulations made by the Secretary of State.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>OK, let's look at <a href=\"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1007/schedule/3\">the regulations</a>. I've expanded out the relevant bit:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Schedule 3 Excepted connectable products</p>\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><p>Computers</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Products are excepted under this paragraph if they are computers which are—</p>\n\n<p>a. desktop computers;</p>\n\n<p>b. laptop computers;</p>\n\n<p>c. tablet computers which do not have the capability to connect to cellular networks.</p></li>\n</ol></li>\n</ol></blockquote>\n\n<p>Nope! The Brother printers don't appear to be exempt<sup id=\"fnref:neil\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:neil\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"With thanks to m'learned colleague Neil Brown who came to much the same conclusion\" role=\"doc-noteref\">1</a></sup>. What's <a href=\"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/46/part/1/enacted#section-38\">the <em>maximum</em> penalty</a> Brother could be subject to?</p>\n\n<p>The greater of £10 million or 4% of worldwide <em>revenue</em>.</p>\n\n<p>Ouch!</p>\n\n<p>Of course, much like GDPR fines, these are headline grabbing numbers. The prosaic reality is that <a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/safety-and-standards-enforcement-enforcement-policy\">the enforcement policy is much more likely to suggest remedial steps</a>. Only the most flagrant transgressors are likely to be punished harshly<sup id=\"fnref:actions\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fn:actions\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"You can see the actions they've previously taken. Because PSTI is so new, there aren't any actions against insecure IoT devices - so we'll have to wait and see how they choose to proceed.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">2</a></sup>.</p>\n\n<p>So, to recap. The law says an Internet-connected device (including printers) must have a password which is not \"based on or derived from publicly available information\". As I understand it, having a serial-number based password is OK <em>as long as you don't publicise the serial number</em>. I expect that if it were printed on a sticker that would be fine. But because the serial can be discovered remotely, it fails at this point.</p>\n\n<p>In Brother's (slight) defence, unless the user has specifically connected the printer to the Internet this is only a local vulnerability. Someone on the same network would be able to monkey around with the printer but, similarly, they could plug in a USB cable for some illicit printing or break it with a hammer. Any damage is confined to the LAN.</p>\n\n<p>Should users change default passwords? Yes. But manufacturers have a legal duty to ensure that people who don't are still protected.</p>\n\n<div class=\"footnotes\" role=\"doc-endnotes\">\n<hr>\n<ol start=\"0\">\n\n<li id=\"fn:law\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>I'm not a lawyer. This is not legal advice. This is just my interpretation of what's going on. If in doubt, consult someone qualified. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:law\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:neil\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>With thanks to m'learned colleague <a href=\"https://decoded.legal/blog/2023/10/new-rules-for-people-making-importing-or-distributing-internet-connected-or-connectable-products-part-1/\">Neil Brown who came to much the same conclusion</a> <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:neil\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:actions\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>You can <a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/opss-enforcement-actions\">see the actions they've previously taken</a>. Because PSTI is so new, there aren't any actions against insecure IoT devices - so we'll have to wait and see how they choose to proceed. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/07/are-brothers-insecure-printers-illegal-in-the-uk/#fnref:actions\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n</ol>\n</div>\n</body></html>",
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"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61173",
"title": "Book Review: The Left Hand of Dog - Si Clarke ★★☆☆☆",
"description": "I have to say, I did not get on with this book. The central conceit is that a sci-fi fan is abducted by aliens and their universal translator converts everything into understandable slang. So we get lots of warp factors, ansibles, dilithium crystals, and Hitchiker’s references. It makes the whole thing feel a bit cheap. OK, maybe it is a little silly when an author comes up with some t…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-left-hand-of-dog-si-clarke/",
"published": "2025-06-30T11:34:37.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-26T07:19:15.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/left.webp\" alt=\"Book cover featuring a person, their dog, and an interstellar tea-pot.\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61175\"> I have to say, I did <em>not</em> get on with this book. The central conceit is that a sci-fi fan is abducted by aliens and their universal translator converts everything into understandable slang. So we get lots of warp factors, ansibles, dilithium crystals, and Hitchiker’s references. It makes the whole thing feel a bit cheap. OK, maybe it is a little silly when an author comes up with some technobabble instead of saying \"make the jump to light-speed\" - but readers appreciate the effort.</p>\n\n<p>It's a daft enough story but the chuckles are few and far between.</p>\n\n<p>Much like the <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/tag/wayfarers/\">Wayfarers books</a>, it wears its heart on its sleeve. I found that a delightful and refreshing aspect which is rarely seen in sci-fi.</p>\n\n<p>But, in the end, I found the plot a bit too derivative to enjoy, and the shoe-horned references quickly became tiresome.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"label": "Book Review",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61636",
"title": "Contactless Payments with GrapheneOS",
"description": "Google's monopolistic stranglehold on Android results in poor experience for power-users, and artificially restricts choice for those who have older phones. For example, Google Wallet is the de facto way to use NFC payments on Android. There's one problem though - it only works with Google's Android. If you have the temerity to install a 3rd party Android OS - like the hyper-secure GrapheneOS - …",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/",
"published": "2025-06-29T11:34:57.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-28T20:36:24.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>Google's monopolistic stranglehold on Android results in poor experience for power-users, and artificially restricts choice for those who have older phones. For example, Google Wallet is the <i lang=\"la\">de facto</i> way to use NFC payments on Android. There's one problem though - it only works with <em>Google's</em> Android. If you have the temerity to install a 3rd party Android OS - like the hyper-secure <a href=\"https://grapheneos.org/\">GrapheneOS</a> - you'll be locked out of it.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GPay-fs8.png\" alt=\"This device can't be set up to pay contactless. Your device doesn't meet pay contactless security standards. It may be rooted or running uncertified software.\" width=\"504\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61637\">\n\n<p>First of all, Google is lying. It <em>does</em> meet security standards and it is <em>not</em> rooted. I get that <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2023/05/the-limits-of-general-purpose-computation/\">I have no right to run someone else's software in an environment they don't like</a>, but this is just misinformation. 3rd party OSes are often <em>more</em> secure that a stock OS which has been left to rot by an unresponsive manufacturer.</p>\n\n<p>Anyway, here's how you can use contactless payments on Graphene.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"prerequisites\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#prerequisites\" class=\"heading-link\">Prerequisites</a></h2>\n\n<p>I'm going to tell you what I did. If you found another way, leave a comment or write your own blog post.</p>\n\n<p>I'm using the latest version of Graphene (2025062000) with Play Services installed. The app is running in my main profile. None of the advanced app protection has been toggled for the app. NFC is on.</p>\n\n<p>You will have to agree to <a href=\"https://www.curve.com/legal/privacy/\">Curve's privacy policy</a>. And the privacy policy of your credit card. Look, if you're using Graphene, you're probably overly privacy sensitive. If you're concerned about The Man<img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/2122.png\" alt=\"™\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" /> knowing that you used your card to buy a breakfast beer and then sharing that with 958 trusted partners, just use cash instead.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"install-curve\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#install-curve\" class=\"heading-link\">Install Curve</a></h2>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.curve.com/join#D4MK9ZKN\">Here's a referral link to install Curve</a> - join and you get £10. Or, you can <a href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.imaginecurve.curve.prd\">install directly from the Play Store</a>.</p>\n\n<p>You'll need to create an account and pass KYC / AML checks. <a href=\"https://www.fca.org.uk/consumers/fca-firm-checker/firm-10456-925447\">Curve are regulated by the FCA</a> so you should feel safe giving your details to them.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"add-a-card\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#add-a-card\" class=\"heading-link\">Add a card</a></h2>\n\n<p>Curve is a <em>virtual</em> card provider. So add your existing Visa or MasterCard to the app (no Amex). When you spend on Curve, you're actually spending on the underlying card you've added. Curve promise cheaper foreign exchange fees and a few other perks. But what we're really interested in is NFC payments.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"set-up-curve-pay\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#set-up-curve-pay\" class=\"heading-link\">Set up Curve Pay</a></h2>\n\n<p>On your app's dashboard, you should see a banner saying \"Curve Pay is good to go!\". If not, head into your account and set it up there.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Good-to-go-fs8.png\" alt=\"Curve dashboard.\" width=\"504\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61638\">\n\n<p>If it has all set up, you should see a welcome tutorial explaining how contactless works.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Good-To-Go-fs8.png\" alt=\"Animation showing how to hold your phone to an NFC payment terminal.\" width=\"504\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61639\">\n\n<h2 id=\"set-your-default-wallet\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#set-your-default-wallet\" class=\"heading-link\">Set your default wallet</a></h2>\n\n<p>On your phone, go to Settings → Connected devices → Connection Preferences → NFC → Contactless Payments.</p>\n\n<p>Or, search your settings for Pay.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Pay-Location-fs8.png\" alt=\"Settings search page.\" width=\"504\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61640\">\n\n<p>Select your default wallet app - in this case, Curve.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Default-Wallet-App-fs8.png\" alt=\"List of available wallet apps.\" width=\"504\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61641\">\n\n<h2 id=\"pay-for-something\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#pay-for-something\" class=\"heading-link\">Pay for something</a></h2>\n\n<p>You need to make sure NFC is turned on before you can use NFC payments. I know that sounds obvious, but I forgot to do it the first time and got very confused.</p>\n\n<p>Go to a local shop, pick up something, hand it to the merchant, wave your phone over the payment terminal like you are a technowizard from the future.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Notification-fs8.png\" alt=\"Notification showing I paid £3.95 for a sticky bun.\" width=\"504\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61642\">\n\n<p>Enjoy eating whatever you paid for!</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"thats-it\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/contactless-payments-with-grapheneos/#thats-it\" class=\"heading-link\">That's it!</a></h2>\n\n<p>Once you're done, you can turn of NFC if you're paranoid.</p>\n\n<p>Apparently, <a href=\"https://justfollow.me.uk/@sborrill/114761774161342879\">Curve also works with Garmin Smart Watches</a> - but I don't have one to test out.</p>\n\n<p>If you've found this blog post useful, I'd be grateful if you signed up with <a href=\"https://www.curve.com/join#D4MK9ZKN\">my referral link for Curve</a>.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"label": "android",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61450",
"title": "Book Review: First Contact - The Story of Our Obsession with Aliens by Becky Ferreira ★★★★⯪",
"description": "This is a cheerful and convivial look through the history of humanity's search for life \"out there\". It isn't an \"ancient aliens\" style book of nonsense, but rather a steady walk through what has actually happened - and what we hope might happen. It is a beautiful PDF which has been gorgeously typeset and lushly illustrated. So many fonts! Sure, it isn't brilliant for eInk but excellent for a…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-first-contact-the-story-of-our-obsession-with-aliens-by-becky-ferreira/",
"published": "2025-06-28T11:34:39.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-26T07:19:06.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/9781523527779_766925.webp\" alt=\"Book cover showing a UFO and digital signals.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61451\"> This is a cheerful and convivial look through the history of humanity's search for life \"out there\". It isn't an \"ancient aliens\" style book of nonsense, but rather a steady walk through what has actually happened - and what we hope <em>might</em> happen.</p>\n\n<p>It is a beautiful PDF which has been gorgeously typeset and lushly illustrated. So many fonts! Sure, it isn't brilliant for eInk but excellent for a tablet or any other full-colour screen.</p>\n\n<p>The language is unpretentious and accessible. It's probably aimed towards the space-obsessed teen market, but I found it delightful.</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>The authorities were decidedly unchill about all this philosophizing, however, and Anaxagoras was condemned to death for impiety—a charge based on his rejection of religious teachings—after he kept insisting the Sun was a hot and large natural object, not some hunky god driving a chariot across the sky.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>There aren't any inline references or footnotes - and links to images would be nice - but they're all all stuffed at the end if you want to find more.</p>\n\n<p>It would have been nice if some of the examples were a <em>little</em> more fleshed out:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Many cultures have imagined themselves as the descendants of celestial objects, or believed that they will ascend to the skies to join their ancestors after death.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>But it is an excellent jumping off point for anyone who wants to expand their horizons. The book isn't really in any chronological order so jumps around a fair bit. Full of fascinating titbits - especially radio silence day - and avoids the trap of sticking to just the USA cultural hegemony,</p>\n\n<p>A great starting point for anyone who wants to get quickly acquainted with our (so far futile) attempts to discover alien life.</p>\n\n<p>Many thanks to <a href=\"https://www.netgalley.com\">NetGalley</a> for the preview copy - the book is on sale 30th September 2025.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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"term": "Book Review",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "NetGalley",
"term": "NetGalley",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61481",
"title": "Review: Octopus Home Mini - Real-Time Smart Meter Monitoring ★★☆☆☆",
"description": "I unashamedly love my smart-meter. Rather than having my energy provider guesstimate my bill, or having to send manual readings each month, it automatically beams them back to its mothership. It also enables interesting things like variable energy tariffs. By design, the smart-meter is limited in how much data it can send back. You can choose to have readings sent monthly, weekly, daily, or…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/",
"published": "2025-06-27T11:34:29.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-27T08:51:38.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>I unashamedly <em>love</em> my smart-meter. Rather than having my energy provider guesstimate my bill, or having to send manual readings each month, it automatically beams them back to its mothership. It also enables interesting things like variable energy tariffs.</p>\n\n<p>By design, the smart-meter is limited in how much data it can send back. You can choose to have readings sent monthly, weekly, daily, or half-hourly. There's no option for minute-by-minute precision. That's useful from a privacy perspective - and no doubt makes the network engineering simpler - but slightly annoying from a home-monitoring perspective.</p>\n\n<p>The smart-meter has the ability to send real-time information to a local device using the ZigBee network. If you have an in-home display (IHD) then you'll have seen just how accurate it is.</p>\n\n<p>As I've discovered, <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2020/04/hacking-your-smart-meter-part-1-zigbee/\">you can't just pair any-old ZigBee device to your meter</a>. Luckily, Octopus have sent me the \"Mini\". A little device which connects to the smart-meter and your home WiFi, then reports usage every 10 seconds. Let's put it through its paces.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"size\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#size\" class=\"heading-link\">Size</a></h2>\n\n<p>Mini by name, mini by nature!</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Mini.webp\" alt=\"Tiny pink device.\" width=\"2738\" height=\"1541\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61492\">\n\n<p>It's rare to find a device smaller than its plug. I half-wonder if they could have integrated it and just made it into a smartplug.</p>\n\n<p>Annoyingly, it is <em>micro</em> USB. I am a USB-C maximalist. There's no reason this device shouldn't use the same cable as everything else I own.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"installation\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#installation\" class=\"heading-link\">Installation</a></h2>\n\n<p>Plug the Mini in - ideally within 5m of your smartmeter - and wait for the blinkenlight. Follow the in-app instructions. Because, like every modern device, it needs an app. You need to install the standard Octopus Android app, and can then add the Mini to your account and to your WiFi.</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/24ghz.webp\" alt=\"Warning about using 2.4GHz WiFi.\" width=\"490\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61493\">\n\n<p>Like all cheap IoT devices, it will only work on 2.4㎓, so you may need to adjust which network your phone is on.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"and-then\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#and-then\" class=\"heading-link\">And then…</a></h2>\n\n<p>That's it. Every 10 seconds it sends an update to Octopus. You can use the app or the website to view your current consumption or to see your last 5 minutes or last 30 minutes usage.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://blog.v-s-f.co.uk/2023/07/near-realtime-energy-consumption-data-with-octopus-home-mini/\">If you're a dab-hand with the API, you can poll that</a>. Or you can connect it to HomeAssistant.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"downside\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/review-octopus-home-mini-real-time-smart-meter-monitoring/#downside\" class=\"heading-link\">Downside</a></h2>\n\n<p>In theory this is nifty, but there are a few things I'm not keen on.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Export readings simply don't work for some brands of smart meter. That's an annoyance - my meter can send half-hourly readings for export, but the Mini just shows that I'm using zero Watts.</li>\n<li>No local connection. It sends the data to Octopus, so I have to use their API to get the data. I'd like the ability to stream it directly from the Mini.</li>\n<li>USB-micro. We live in the future. USB-C or GTFO!</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Honestly, a bit disappointing. If you don't have solar panels - or your meter works correctly - this could be very useful. Even so, the lack of an local API is a bit of a buzzkill. Sadly, for my purposes, it isn't very useful.</p>\n</body></html>",
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{
"label": "/etc/",
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{
"label": "electricity",
"term": "electricity",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "energy",
"term": "energy",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
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"term": "HomeAssistant",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
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"term": "IoT",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
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"term": "Smart Home",
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},
{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61166",
"title": "Book Review: The Martian Contingency by Mary Robinette Kowal ★★★★☆",
"description": "The Lady Astronaut books are an absolute triumph - it's just a shame that they've been somewhat overshadowed by the TV series \"For All Mankind\". They both follow a similar trajectory - what if women were an integral part of the early space race and helped us to colonise off-world? The books, thankfully, don't pad out as much as the rival show - this latest novel is tightly focussed and takes us …",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-the-martian-contingency-by-mary-robinette-kowal/",
"published": "2025-06-26T11:34:19.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-24T11:46:55.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/jpg_rgb_0650h-5-416x636-1.jpg\" alt=\"Book cover featuring Astronauts on Mars.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61167\"> The Lady Astronaut books are an absolute triumph - it's just a shame that they've been somewhat overshadowed by the TV series \"For All Mankind\". They both follow a similar trajectory - what if women were an integral part of the early space race and helped us to colonise off-world? The books, thankfully, don't pad out as much as the rival show - this latest novel is tightly focussed and takes us to the Mars base where <em>shenanigans</em> are afoot.</p>\n\n<p>For a sci-fi nerd like me, it is total catnip. A heady mix of brain-tangling \"what ifs\" and the geeky joy of \"<a href=\"https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/CompetencePorn\">competency porn</a>\". The language is gorgeous with some beautiful turns of phrase, and the pacing does an excellent job of ratcheting up the tension.</p>\n\n<p>My only criticism is that Elma is <em>such</em> an ineffective character. She seems to forget that she's one of the most senior people on the mission and has the right - nay! the duty! - to get answers. Her lack of confidence isn't a quirky character flaw; it is a profoundly irritating co-star.</p>\n\n<p>I love the world building, the jokey asides, and the sense of purpose all the characters have. The moral dilemmas and Politics are well articulated and don't feel tacked on. It's worth picking up the whole series.</p>\n</body></html>",
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{
"label": "/etc/",
"term": "/etc/",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "Book Review",
"term": "Book Review",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "Mary Robinette Kowal",
"term": "Mary Robinette Kowal",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61592",
"title": "Theatre Review: Just For One Day ★★★★⯪",
"description": "Leave your cynicism at the door. Jukebox musicals usually stick to a single-artist (Mamma Mia, & Juliet, Tommy). As a result, they all start to sound a bit samey after a few numbers. Shows like Return To The Forbidden planet shoe-horn in songs from a dozen artists without much regard to plot, tone, or pacing. Just For One Day goes down a different route. Rather than just recreate the famous…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/",
"published": "2025-06-25T11:34:07.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-25T08:30:23.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JFOD.webp\" alt=\"A crowd of singers.\" width=\"400\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61593\"> Leave your cynicism at the door.</p>\n\n<p>Jukebox musicals usually stick to a single-artist (Mamma Mia, & Juliet, Tommy). As a result, they all start to sound a bit samey after a few numbers. Shows like Return To The Forbidden planet shoe-horn in songs from a dozen artists without much regard to plot, tone, or pacing.</p>\n\n<p>Just For One Day goes down a different route. Rather than just recreate the famous Live Aid concert with a procession of soundalikes, it attempts to tell the story <em>behind</em> the concert. In doing so, it chops dozens of songs into thousands of pieces and lets the snippets segue seamlessly into the prose. It entwines the songs into each other beautifully. A supremely talented cast backed with a superb live band - it is guaranteed to have you screaming and cheering.</p>\n\n<p>The central plot device is a <em>little</em> silly - a mother who went to the concert is chiding her teenage daughter about political activism. It is a bit mawkish and gets the show off to a stage-schooly start. Similarly, the daughter's righteous indignation fuels her interrogation of Saint Geldof which, again, becomes a bit preachy.</p>\n\n<p>But that's the nature of Live Aid. It <em>is</em> preachy. And for all the arguments about whether it was the <strong>right</strong> thing to do - at least it did <strong>something</strong>. The show doesn't gloss over some the problems - and problem personalities - behind the production. Nor does it shy away from the reality of the limits of the help provided. Albeit backed by joyous music.</p>\n\n<p>I felt that it pulls its punches a little bit. Rather than showing any footage from the Ethiopian famine, it <a href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/bob-geldof-belfast-icc-ethiopia-barack-obama-b2423253.html\">recycles a speech Geldof gave a few years ago</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Nevertheless, it is a powerful and moving spectacle.</p>\n\n<p>Oh, and there's a rap battle between Bob Geldof and Mrs Thatcher.</p>\n\n<p>Tickets start at £20. The music is so loud, and the staging so expressive, that you'll get a decent view from the cheap seats.</p>\n\n<p>Far better than the average jukebox musical.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"pre-show-and-post-show\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-just-for-one-day/#pre-show-and-post-show\" class=\"heading-link\">Pre-show and Post-show</a></h2>\n\n<p>As regular readers of <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/tag/theatre-review/\">my theatre reviews</a> know, I'm obsessed with how theatres treat their patrons.</p>\n\n<p>Bag searches were conducted quickly, and they were happy to let me bring in a small plastic bottle of water. The Shaftesbury has spacious corridors and bars. There are plenty of toilets which - in a shocking departure from West End tradition - are well maintained.</p>\n\n<p>There's a little bit of set dressing inside the theatre to allow the audience to take selfies with famous backdrops. That's cute - but it might have been nice if they'd added a few more, or even put up original posters, press clippings, etc.</p>\n\n<p>As we exited the theatre we were handed a commemorative ticket! What a swell idea! I thought it contained a QR code to donate to <a href=\"https://www.bandaidtrust.co.uk/\">the Band Aid Charitable Trust</a> or find out more about their projects. Instead it's a coupon for £20 off your next visit. That feels like a bit of a missed opportunity.</p>\n</body></html>",
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"label": "/etc/",
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"label": "Theatre Review",
"term": "Theatre Review",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61546",
"title": "Reading NFC Passport Chips in Linux",
"description": "For boring and totally not nefarious reasons, I want to read all the data contained in my passport's NFC chip using Linux. After a long and annoying search, I settled on roeften's pypassport. I can now read all the passport information, including biometrics. Table of ContentsBackgroundRecreating the MRZPython code to generate an MRZCan you read a cancelled passport?Cryptography and other…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/",
"published": "2025-06-24T11:34:49.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-24T12:12:53.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>For boring and totally not nefarious reasons, I want to read all the data contained in my passport's NFC chip using Linux. After a long and annoying search, I settled on <a href=\"https://github.com/roeften/pypassport\">roeften's pypassport</a>.</p>\n\n<p>I can now read all the passport information, including biometrics.</p>\n\n<p></p><nav id=\"toc\"><menu id=\"toc-start\"><li id=\"toc-title\"><h2 id=\"table-of-contents\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#table-of-contents\" class=\"heading-link\">Table of Contents</a></h2><menu><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#background\">Background</a><menu><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#recreating-the-mrz\">Recreating the MRZ</a><menu><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#python-code-to-generate-an-mrz\">Python code to generate an MRZ</a></li></menu></li></menu></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport\">Can you read a cancelled passport?</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#cryptography-and-other-security\">Cryptography and other security</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-brute-force-a-passport\">Can you brute-force a passport?</a><menu><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password\">Is it worth brute-forcing a password?</a></li></menu></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#installing\">Installing</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#getting-structured-data\">Getting structured data</a><menu><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#saving-the-image\">Saving the image</a></li></menu></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#what-didnt-work\">What didn't work</a><menu><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#mrtdreader\">mrtdreader</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport\">Jean-Francois Houzard's and Olivier Roger's pyPassport</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#beaujeans-pypassport\">beaujean's pyPassport</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#d-logic\">d-Logic</a></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#android-reader\">Android reader</a></li></menu></li><li><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-it\">Is it worth it?</a></li></menu></li></menu></nav><p></p>\n\n<h2 id=\"background\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#background\" class=\"heading-link\">Background</a></h2>\n\n<p>The NFC chip in a passport is protected by a password. The password is printed on the inside of the physical passport. As well as needing to be physically close to the passport for NFC to work<sup id=\"fnref:long\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:long\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"There are some commercially available long range readers - up to 15cm! I've no doubt some clever engineer has made a some high-powered radio device which can read things from a mile away using a…\" role=\"doc-noteref\">0</a></sup>, you also need to be able to see the password. The password is printed in the \"Machine Readable Zone\" (MRZ) - which is why some border guards will swipe your passport through a reader before scanning the chip; they need the password and don't want to type it in.</p>\n\n<p>I had a small problem though. I'm using my old passport<sup id=\"fnref:old\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:old\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"I'm not dumb enough to do this stuff on a live passport!\" role=\"doc-noteref\">1</a></sup> which <a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancellation-of-passports/cancelling-british-passports-accessible#cancelling-epassport-version-2\">has been cancelled</a>. Cancelling isn't just about revoking the document. It is also physically altered:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Cut off the bottom left hand corner of the personal details page, making sure you cut the MRZ on the corner opposite the photo.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>So a chunk of the MRZ is missing! Oh no! Whatever can we do!?</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"recreating-the-mrz\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#recreating-the-mrz\" class=\"heading-link\">Recreating the MRZ</a></h3>\n\n<p>The password is made up of three pieces of data:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Passport Number (Letters and Numbers)</li>\n<li>Date of Birth (YYMMDD)</li>\n<li>Expiry Date (YYMMDD)</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Each piece <em>also</em> has a checksum. This calculation is defined in Appendix A to <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf\">Part 3 of Document 9303</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Oh, and there's a checksum for the entire string. It's this final checksum which is cut off when the passport cover is snipped.</p>\n\n<p>The final password is: <code>Number Number-checksum DOB DOB-checksum Expiry Expiry-checkum checksum-of-previous-digits</code></p>\n\n<h4 id=\"python-code-to-generate-an-mrz\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#python-code-to-generate-an-mrz\" class=\"heading-link\">Python code to generate an MRZ</a></h4>\n\n<p>If you know the passport number, date of birth, and expiry date, you can generate your own Machine Readable Zone - this acts as the password for the NFC chip.</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">def calculateChecksum( value ):\n weighting = [7,3,1]\n characterWeight = {\n '0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, \n '8': 8, '9': 9, '<': 0, 'A':10, 'B':11, 'C':12, 'D':13, 'E':14, \n 'F':15, 'G':16, 'H':17, 'I':18, 'J':19, 'K':20, 'L':21, 'M':22, \n 'N':23, 'O':24, 'P':25, 'Q':26, 'R':27, 'S':28, 'T':29, 'U':30, \n 'V':31, 'W':32, 'X':33, 'Y':34, 'Z':35\n }\n counter = 0\n result = 0\n for x in value:\n result += characterWeight[str(x)] * weighting[counter%3]\n counter += 1\n return str(result%10)\n\ndef calculateMRZ( passportNumber, DOB, expiry ):\n \"\"\"\n DOB and expiry are formatted as YYMMDD\n \"\"\"\n passportCheck = calculateChecksum( passportNumber )\n DOBCheck = calculateChecksum( DOB )\n expiryCheck = calculateChecksum( expiry )\n mrzNumber = passportNumber + passportCheck + DOB + DOBCheck + expiry + expiryCheck\n mrzCheck = calculateChecksum( mrzNumber ).zfill(2)\n mrz = passportNumber + passportCheck + \"XXX\" + DOB + DOBCheck + \"X\" + expiry + expiryCheck + \"<<<<<<<<<<<<<<\" + mrzCheck\n return mrz\n\nprint( calculateMRZ(\"123456789\", \"841213\", \"220229\") )\n</code></pre>\n\n<h2 id=\"can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-read-a-cancelled-passport\" class=\"heading-link\">Can you read a cancelled passport?</a></h2>\n\n<p>I would have thought that cutting the cover of the passport would destroy the antenna inside it. But, going back to <a href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancellation-of-passports/cancelling-british-passports-accessible#cancelling-epassport-version-2\">the UK guidance</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>You must not cut the back cover on the ePassport</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Ah! That's where the NFC chip is. I presume this is so that cancelled passports can still be verified for authenticity.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"cryptography-and-other-security\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#cryptography-and-other-security\" class=\"heading-link\">Cryptography and other security</a></h2>\n\n<p>The security is, thankfully, all fairly standard Public Key Cryptography - <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p11_cons_en.pdf\">9303 part 11</a> explains it in <em>excruciating</em> levels of detail.</p>\n\n<p>One thing I found curious - because the chip has no timer, it cannot know how often it is being read. You could bombard it with thousands of password attempts and not get locked out. Indeed, the specification says:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>the success probability of the attacker is given by the time the attacker has access to the IC, the duration of a single attempt to guess the password, and the entropy of the passport.</p></blockquote>\n\n<h2 id=\"can-you-brute-force-a-passport\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#can-you-brute-force-a-passport\" class=\"heading-link\">Can you brute-force a passport?</a></h2>\n\n<p>Wellllll… maybeeeee…?</p>\n\n<p>Passports are generally valid for only 10 years. So that's 36,525 possible expiry dates.</p>\n\n<p>Passport holders are generally under 100 years old. So that's 3,652,500 possible dates of birth.</p>\n\n<p>That's already 133,407,562,500 attempts - and we haven't even got on to the 1E24 possible passport numbers!</p>\n\n<p>In my experiments, sending an incorrect but valid MRZ results in the chip returning \"Security status not satisfied (0x6982)\" in a very short space of time. Usually less than a second.</p>\n\n<p>But sending that incorrect attempt seemed to introduce a delay in the next response - by a few seconds. Sending the correct MRZ seemed to reset this and let the chip be read instantly.</p>\n\n<p>So, if you knew the target's passport number and birthday, brute forcing the expiry date would take a couple of days. Not instant, but not impossible.</p>\n\n<p>Most <a href=\"https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/NTAG213_215_216.pdf\">commercial NFC chips support 100,000 writes</a> with no limit for the number of reads. Some also have a 24 bit read counter which increments after every read attempt. After 16 million reads, the counter doesn't increment. It <em>could</em> be possible for a chip to self-destruct after a specific number of reads - but I've no evidence that passport chips do that.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-brute-forcing-a-password\" class=\"heading-link\">Is it <em>worth</em> brute-forcing a password?</a></h3>\n\n<p>If you were to brute-force the MRZ, you would discover the passport-holder's date of birth. You would also get:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>A digital copy of their photo,</li>\n<li>Their full name,</li>\n<li>Their sex<sup id=\"fnref:sex\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:sex\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Sex is complicated. But ICAO allow for \"F for female, M for male, or X for unspecified\".\" role=\"doc-noteref\">2</a></sup>,</li>\n<li>The country which issued their passport, and</li>\n<li>Their nationality.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>All of that is something which you can see from looking at the passport. So there's little value in attempting to read it electronically.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"installing\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#installing\" class=\"heading-link\">Installing</a></h2>\n\n<p>As mentioned, I'm using <a href=\"https://github.com/roeften/pypassport\">https://github.com/roeften/pypassport</a></p>\n\n<p>The only library I needed to install was <a href=\"https://pypi.org/project/pyasn1/\">pyasn1</a> using <code>pip3 install pyasn1</code> - your setup may vary.</p>\n\n<p>Download PyPassport. In the same directory, you can create a test Python file to see if the passport can be read. Here's what it needs to contain:</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">from pypassport import epassport, reader\n\n# Replace this MRZ with the one from your passport\nMRZ = \"1234567897XXX8412139X2202299<<<<<<<<<<<<<<04\"\n\ndef trace(name, msg):\n if name == \"EPassport\":\n print(name + \": \" + msg)\n\nr = reader.ReaderManager().waitForCard()\n\nep = epassport.EPassport(r, MRZ)\nep.register(trace)\nep.readPassport()\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>Plug in your NFC reader, place your passport on it, run the above code. If it works, it will spit out a lot of debug information, including all the data it can find on the passport.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"getting-structured-data\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#getting-structured-data\" class=\"heading-link\">Getting structured data</a></h2>\n\n<p>The structure of the passport data is a little convoluted. <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p10_cons_en.pdf\">The specification</a> puts data into different \"Data Groups\" - each with its own ID.</p>\n\n<p>By running:</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">ep.keys()\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>You can see which Data Groups are available. In my case, <code>['60', '61', '75', '77']</code></p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><code>60</code> is the common area which contains some metadata. Nothing interesting there.</li>\n<li><code>61</code> is DG1 - the full MRZ. This contains the holder's name, sex, nationality, etc.</li>\n<li><code>77</code> is the Document Security Object - this was empty for me.</li>\n<li><code>75</code> is DG2 to DG4 Biometric Templates - this contains the image and other metadata.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Dumping the biometrics - <code>print( ep[\"75\"] )</code> - gives these interesting pieces of metadata:</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-_\">'83': '20190311201345',\n'meta': { 'Expression': 'Unspecified',\n 'EyeColour' : 'Unspecified',\n 'FaceImageBlockLength': 19286,\n 'FaceImageType': 'Basic',\n 'FeatureMask': '000000',\n 'FeaturePoint': {0: {'FeaturePointCode': 'C1',\n 'FeatureType': '01',\n 'HorizontalPosition': 249,\n 'Reserved': '0000',\n 'VerticalPosition': 216},\n 1: {'FeaturePointCode': 'C2',\n 'FeatureType': '01',\n 'HorizontalPosition': 141,\n 'Reserved': '0000',\n 'VerticalPosition': 214}},\n 'Features': {},\n 'Gender': 'Unspecified',\n 'HairColour': 'Unspecified',\n 'ImageColourSpace': 'RGB24',\n 'ImageDataType': 'JPEG',\n 'ImageDeviceType': 0,\n 'ImageHeight': 481,\n 'ImageQuality': 'Unspecified',\n 'ImageSourceType': 'Static Scan',\n 'ImageWidth': 385,\n 'LengthOfRecord': 19300,\n 'NumberOfFacialImages': 1,\n 'NumberOfFeaturePoint': 2,\n 'PoseAngle': '0600B5',\n 'PoseAngleUncertainty': '000000',\n 'VersionNumber': b'010'\n }\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>If I understand <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/security/mrtd/siteassets/pages/technical-reports/tr%20-%20rf%20and%20protocol%20testing%20part%204%20v2.10.pdf\">the testing document</a> - the \"Feature Points\" are the middle of the eyes. Interesting to see that gender (not sex!) and hair colour are also able to be recorded. The \"PoseAngle\" represents the <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/TRIP/Documents/TR%20-%20Portrait%20Quality%20v1.0.pdf\">pitch, yaw, and roll</a> of the face.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"saving-the-image\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#saving-the-image\" class=\"heading-link\">Saving the image</a></h3>\n\n<p>Passport images are saved either with JPEG or with <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/Security/FAL/TRIP/Documents/TR%20-%20Portrait%20Quality%20v1.0.pdf\">JPEG2000 encoding</a>. Given the extremely limited memory available photos are small and highly compressed. Mine was a mere 19KB.</p>\n\n<p>To save the image, grab the bytes and plonk them onto disk:</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-python\">photo = ep[\"75\"][\"A1\"][\"5F2E\"]\nwith open( \"photo.jpg\", \"wb\" ) as f:\n f.write( photo )\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>As expected, the \"FeaturePoints\" co-ordinates corresponded roughly to the centre of my eyes. Nifty!</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"what-didnt-work\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#what-didnt-work\" class=\"heading-link\">What didn't work</a></h2>\n\n<p>I tried a few different tools. Listed here so you don't make the same mistakes as me!</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"mrtdreader\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#mrtdreader\" class=\"heading-link\">mrtdreader</a></h3>\n\n<p>The venerable <a href=\"https://github.com/rubund/mrtdreader\">mrtdreader</a>. My NFC device beeped, then mrtdreader said \"No NFC device found.\"</p>\n\n<p>I think this is because <a href=\"https://github.com/nfc-tools/libnfc/issues/719\">NFC Tools haven't been updated in ages</a>.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#jean-francois-houzards-and-olivier-rogers-pypassport\" class=\"heading-link\">Jean-Francois Houzard's and Olivier Roger's pyPassport</a></h3>\n\n<p>I looked at <a href=\"https://code.google.com/archive/p/pypassport/\">pyPassport</a> but it is only available for Python 2.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"beaujeans-pypassport\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#beaujeans-pypassport\" class=\"heading-link\">beaujean's pyPassport</a></h3>\n\n<p>This <a href=\"https://github.com/beaujeant/pypassport\">pypassport</a> only checks if a passport is resistant to specific security vulnerabilities.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"d-logic\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#d-logic\" class=\"heading-link\">d-Logic</a></h3>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.d-logic.com/nfc-rfid-reader-sdk/software/epassport-reading/\">Digital Logic's ePassport software</a> only works with their hardware readers.</p>\n\n<h3 id=\"android-reader\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#android-reader\" class=\"heading-link\">Android reader</a></h3>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://github.com/tananaev/passport-reader\">tananaev's passport-reader</a> - works perfectly on Android. So I knew my passport chip was readable - but the app won't run on Linux.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"is-it-worth-it\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#is-it-worth-it\" class=\"heading-link\">Is it worth it?</a></h2>\n\n<p>Yeah, I reckon so! Realistically, you aren't going to be able to crack the MRZ to read someone's passport. But if you need to gather personal information<sup id=\"fnref:gdpr\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:gdpr\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Under the auspices of GDPR, of course!\" role=\"doc-noteref\">3</a></sup>, it's perfectly possible to do so quickly from a passport.</p>\n\n<p>The MRZ is a <em>Machine Readable</em> Zone - so it is fairly simple to OCR the text and then pass that to your NFC reader.</p>\n\n<p>And even if the MRZ is gone, you can reconstruct it from the data printed on the passport.</p>\n\n<p>Of course, this won't be able to detect fraudulent passports. It doesn't check against a database to see if it has been revoked<sup id=\"fnref:interpol\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:interpol\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Nor does it check if the holder is on some Interpol list.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">4</a></sup>. I don't think it will detect any cryptographic anomalies.</p>\n\n<p>But if you just want to see what's on your travel documents, it works perfectly.</p>\n\n<div class=\"footnotes\" role=\"doc-endnotes\">\n<hr>\n<ol start=\"0\">\n\n<li id=\"fn:long\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>There are some <a href=\"https://www.shopnfc.com/en/nfc-readers-writers/300-nfc-xl-reader-long-range-hf-reader.html\">commercially available long range readers</a> - up to 15cm! I've no doubt some clever engineer has made a some high-powered radio device which can read things from a mile away using a <a href=\"https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-make-a-wifi-antenna-out-of-a-pringles-can-nb/\">Pringle's tube</a>. Of note, the <a href=\"https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p11_cons_en.pdf\">ICAO guidance</a> says:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>the unencrypted communication between a contactless IC and a reader can be eavesdropped within a distance of several metres.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:long\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:old\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>I'm not dumb enough to do this stuff on a <em>live</em> passport! <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:old\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:sex\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Sex is complicated<sup id=\"fnref:giggle\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fn:giggle\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Stop giggling at the back!\" role=\"doc-noteref\">5</a></sup>. But ICAO allow for \"<a href=\"https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf\">F for female, M for male, or X for unspecified</a>\". <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:sex\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:gdpr\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Under the auspices of GDPR, of course! <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:gdpr\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:interpol\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Nor does it check if the holder is on some Interpol list. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:interpol\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:giggle\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Stop giggling at the back! <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/reading-nfc-passport-chips-in-linux/#fnref:giggle\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n</ol>\n</div>\n</body></html>",
"image": null,
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{
"name": "@edent",
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"categories": [
{
"label": "/etc/",
"term": "/etc/",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
},
{
"label": "CyberSecurity",
"term": "CyberSecurity",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
},
{
"label": "hacking",
"term": "hacking",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "linux",
"term": "linux",
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{
"label": "nfc",
"term": "nfc",
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{
"label": "rfid",
"term": "rfid",
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},
{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61537",
"title": "An annoying SVG animation bug in Chrome",
"description": "Writing web standards is hard. You have to write a formal specification which is useful for machines, humans, and web developers. I recently stumbled across what I think is a little bug which might be caused by a misreading of the SVG Animation specification. Here you should see two overlapping circles gradually appear: If you're on Chrome, you…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/",
"published": "2025-06-23T11:34:12.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-23T09:03:34.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>Writing web standards is hard<sup id=\"fnref:experience\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:experience\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"I do have some experience in this matter.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">0</a></sup>. You have to write a formal specification which is useful for machines, humans, and web developers<sup id=\"fnref:webdev\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:webdev\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Back in 2006, Catharine A. MacKinnon provokatively asked \"Are Women Human?\". Her argument (which I shall badly summarise) is that if women were human, then they'd be protected by universal human…\" role=\"doc-noteref\">1</a></sup>.</p>\n\n<p>I recently stumbled across what I think is a little bug which <em>might</em> be caused by a misreading of <a href=\"https://svgwg.org/specs/animations/#KeyTimesAttribute\">the SVG Animation specification</a>. Here you should see two overlapping circles gradually appear:</p>\n\n<svg width=\"170\" height=\"170\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\">\n <path fill=\"#2c4169\" d=\"M170 0H0v170h170z\"></path>\n <circle r=\"45\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" fill=\"#e4da2e\" opacity=\"0\">\n <animate attributeName=\"opacity\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"30s\" values=\"0; 1;\" keyTimes=\"0; 1\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate>\n </circle>\n <circle r=\"45\" cx=\"80\" cy=\"80\" fill=\"red\" opacity=\"0\">\n <animate attributeName=\"opacity\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"30s\" values=\"0; 1;\" keyTimes=\"0; 1;\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate>\n </circle>\n</svg>\n\n<p>If you're on Chrome, you might only see one circle animate. Why? Bloody semicolons! The bane of every programmer's existence<sup id=\"fnref:eng\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:eng\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"I imagine English literature students also find them confusing; everyone does.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">2</a></sup>.</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https://svgwg.org/specs/animations/#KeyTimesAttribute\">specification for SVG Animation</a> has this text for human readers:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p><strong>keyTimes</strong></p>\n\n<p>A semicolon-separated list of time values used to control the pacing of the animation. Each time in the list corresponds to a value in the ‘values’ attribute list, and defines when the value is used in the animation function.</p>\n\n<p>[…]</p>\n\n<p>If the last semicolon separator is followed by either just white space or no more characters, ignore both the separator and the trailing white space.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>To me, that isn't ambiguous. The text <code>keyTimes=\"0; 1;\"</code> has a final semicolon with nothing after it. Therefore it should be ignored. Instead, Chrome throws an hissyfit and says <code>Error: <animate> attribute keyTimes: Invalid value, \"0; 1;\".</code></p>\n\n<p>But maybe the humans who wrote the description were sloppy. There's also a machine-readable formal specification. It defines the acceptable sequence as being:</p>\n\n<p><code><number> [; <number>]* ;?</code></p>\n\n<p>This isn't quite Backus–Naur form<sup id=\"fnref:bnf\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:bnf\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Also the bane of programmers everywhere!\" role=\"doc-noteref\">3</a></sup>, but rather <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#value-defs\">CSS Values</a>.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>The <code><number></code> is a <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-types\">component</a>.</li>\n<li>The <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> are <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-combinators\">grouping combinators</a>.</li>\n<li>The <code>*</code> and <code>?</code> are <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/css-values/#component-multipliers\">component multipliers</a>\n\n<ul>\n<li><code>*</code> \"indicates that the preceding type, word, or group occurs zero or more times.\"</li>\n<li><code>?</code> \"indicates that the preceding type, word, or group is optional (occurs zero or one times).\"</li>\n</ul></li>\n<li>The <code>;</code> is just a semicolon<sup id=\"fnref:cig\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fn:cig\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Just like how sometimes a cigar is just a cigar.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">4</a></sup>.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Reading the definition tells us that a valid value will be a number, followed by zero-or-more groups of \"semicolon and another number\" with an optional final semicolon.</p>\n\n<p>So, based on my reading, I think Chrome is wrong to throw an error here. Both Firefox and Safari work with a trailing semicolon.</p>\n\n<p>Accordingly, I've <a href=\"https://issues.chromium.org/issues/427020732\">raised a bug with the Chromium team</a>. If you think I have erred in this matter, please let me know.</p>\n\n<div class=\"footnotes\" role=\"doc-endnotes\">\n<hr>\n<ol start=\"0\">\n\n<li id=\"fn:experience\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>I do have <a href=\"https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-html53-20180426/\">some experience in this matter</a>. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:experience\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:webdev\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Back in 2006, Catharine A. MacKinnon provokatively asked \"<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjnrvck\">Are Women Human?</a>\". Her argument (which I shall badly summarise) is that if women <em>were</em> human, then they'd be protected by universal human rights. Given the state of the world then (and now) it is hard to argue that women receive as great a level of attention as the <a href=\"https://www.the-tls.com/politics-society/rights-equality/default-male\">default male</a>. I don't intend to trivialise MacKinnon's work - but I do find it interesting that developers are often treated separately from other humans. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:webdev\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:eng\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>I imagine English literature students also find them confusing; everyone does. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:eng\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:bnf\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Also the bane of programmers everywhere! <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:bnf\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n<li id=\"fn:cig\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Just like how <a href=\"https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/08/12/just-a-cigar/\">sometimes a cigar is just a cigar</a>. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/an-annoying-svg-animation-bug-in-chrome/#fnref:cig\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n</ol>\n</div>\n</body></html>",
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{
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{
"label": "/etc/",
"term": "/etc/",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "bug",
"term": "bug",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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{
"label": "chrome",
"term": "chrome",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
},
{
"label": "chromium",
"term": "chromium",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
},
{
"label": "svg",
"term": "svg",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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},
{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61507",
"title": "Theatre Review: Operation Mincemeat ★★★★☆",
"description": "Everyone I know told me to go and see this show. I resisted as long as possible but managed to score cheap last-minute tickets via a friend. I wish I hadn't waited so long! If you're unaware of the book (or the film. Or the novelisation of the film. Or the Twitter thread. Or the inaccurate tumblr retelling.) the story involves a dastardly British plan to use a corpse to fool the Nazi menace…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/",
"published": "2025-06-22T11:34:01.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-22T09:14:43.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Operation_Mincemeat-1-400-400-100-nocrop.jpeg\" alt=\"Logo for Operation Mincemeat - a black scribble on a yellow background.\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61508\"> Everyone I know told me to go and see this show. I resisted as long as possible but managed to score cheap last-minute tickets via a friend. I wish I hadn't waited so long!</p>\n\n<p>If you're unaware of the book (or the film. Or the novelisation of the film. Or the Twitter thread. Or the inaccurate tumblr retelling.) the story involves a dastardly British plan to use a corpse to fool the Nazi menace into diverting their troops.</p>\n\n<p>So, naturally, this is a glitzy West End Musical. And, as befitting a story with a hundred different characters, there are five cast members playing everyone. Obviously, it is <em>very</em> silly.</p>\n\n<p>I can't lie - I found the start of the first act a bit underwhelming. It feels derivative of every other musical I've seen; like a British \"Hamilton\" without the budget. But as it wore on, something magical happened. The songs become interesting, the choreography leaps alive, and the cast started playing off the audience’s energy.</p>\n\n<p>The second act has the strongest opening I've seen in a good long while. It builds to a terrific conclusion - with just the right amount of joy and melancholy.</p>\n\n<p>Naturally, the cast are superb. It's exhausting watching them quick-change and shimmy across the stage. They are a beautifully formed ensemble. I usually don't like seeing shows multiple times, but given the frequent cast changes I find myself curious about how the various permutations work.</p>\n\n<p>It is an excellent and kinetic work of theatre. It revels in its daftness and knows exactly when to tug your heartstrings.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"pre-show\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/theatre-review-operation-mincemeat/#pre-show\" class=\"heading-link\">Pre-Show</a></h2>\n\n<p>Regular readers know how much I love discussing the pre-show elements. Mincemeat isn't as bad as most, but still treats the paying audience with the contempt London venues are known for.</p>\n\n<p>The theatre is cramped, with a packed bar, and inadequate toilet facilities. The corridors are decorated with photos of current cast members, which is nice. There's also a pre-show trivia quiz which, while fun, is only half-a-dozen questions - essentially a thinly veiled attempt to get you onto a mailing list.</p>\n\n<p>The cost of the programme is exorbitant - an advert filled brochure with the same information as can be found on the website.</p>\n\n<p>On the plus side, the stall seats are spacious and there's a bar to one side (if you can afford it).</p>\n\n<p>A single \"cheap\" ticket usually costs about 3-months of Netflix. Full price tickets are a monocle-popping 7-months of Netflix! At that price I'd expect a free souvenir programme and a complimentary ice-cream. And possibly a foot-massage.</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https://operationmincemeat.com/tickets/\">ticket lottery</a> reduces prices to a shade under 2-months of Netflix.</p>\n\n<p>There's nothing like seeing live theatre performed by a hyper-talented cast. Theatres need to understand that home entertainment is ubiquitous, cheap, <strong>and comfortable</strong>. If I can't pause your show to go for a wee, you'd better make sure you have enough loos for everyone at the interval.</p>\n</body></html>",
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{
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{
"label": "/etc/",
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{
"label": "Theatre Review",
"term": "Theatre Review",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog"
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},
{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61183",
"title": "Book Review: Venomous Lumpsucker by Ned Beauman ★★★★★",
"description": "No book has the right to be this good. It's the sort of howling sci-fi satire that Ben Elton used to excel at - a novel set five minutes in the future with a eye firmly on today's problems. The plot is delightful - what if carbon credits extinction credits were the new capitalist plaything? What second, third, and forth order effects would that have on the world? The worldbuilding is sublime -…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-venomous-lumpsucker-by-ned-beauman/",
"published": "2025-06-21T11:34:56.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-13T09:16:16.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hbg-title-venomous-lumpsucker-4-1.webp\" alt=\"Book cover with fish.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61184\"> No book has the right to be this good. It's the sort of howling sci-fi satire that Ben Elton used to excel at - a novel set five minutes in the future with a eye firmly on today's problems.</p>\n\n<p>The plot is delightful - what if <del>carbon credits</del> extinction credits were the new capitalist plaything? What second, third, and forth order effects would that have on the world? The worldbuilding is sublime - with an prescient look at the evolution of DRM, Smart Contracts, AI assistants, and targetted assassinations.</p>\n\n<p>The characters are perfectly fleshed out and gradually reveal their motivations and insecurities:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>one big thing about the socially normal was that they loved their social norms. Whereas Resaint couldn’t stand the politics, the niceties, the meetings where she had to spangle her expression and tone of voice with false enthusiasm just so people didn’t think she was a bitch.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>There is a <em>slight</em> tendency towards Socratic dialogue as a means of exposition. The satire itself isn't exactly subtle - but when it has this many twists and turns I can forgive it for laying it on a bit thick.</p>\n\n<p>The ending(s) genuinely shocked me.</p>\n</body></html>",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61338",
"title": "Convert Shotwell Photo Metadata to Digikam Metadata",
"description": "Mostly notes to myself. Shotwell stores most of its information in a database. Which I lost. Because I'm an idiot. But a bunch of metadata is also stored in the image's EXIF metadata! Most importantly is the \"Original File Name\" which should become the \"Description\" in DigiKam. Unfortunately, there's no way to copy those values automatically on import. So here's a one-liner which will read…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/convert-shotwell-photo-metadata-to-digikam-metadata/",
"published": "2025-06-20T11:34:37.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-13T09:16:21.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>Mostly notes to myself.</p>\n\n<p>Shotwell stores most of its information in a database. Which I lost. Because I'm an idiot.</p>\n\n<p>But a bunch of metadata is <em>also</em> stored in the image's EXIF metadata!</p>\n\n<p>Most importantly is the \"Original File Name\" which should become the \"Description\" in DigiKam. Unfortunately, there's no way to copy those values automatically on import.</p>\n\n<p>So here's a one-liner which will read the \"Original File Name\" and store it in the \"Title\" EXIF - ready for DigiKam to parse!</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">exiftool \"-XMP-dc:Title<XMP-getty:OriginalFileName\" whatever.jpg\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>If you want to make sure any existing Title isn't overwritten, use:</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">exiftool \"-XMP-dc:Title<${XMP-getty:OriginalFileName}\" -if \"not defined $XMP-dc:Title\" whatever.jpg\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>Finally, to do it recursively, across all files:</p>\n\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">exiftool -r \"-XMP-dc:Title<${XMP-getty:OriginalFileName}\" -if \"not defined $XMP-dc:Title\" /path/to/images\n</code></pre>\n</body></html>",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61202",
"title": "Book Review: If Only They Didn't Speak English - Notes From Trump's America by Jon Sopel ★★⯪☆☆",
"description": "I expected so much more from this book. It starts with a central thesis - the UK over-indexes on America because we speak the same language, but there is an enormous gulf in attitudes between the two nations. We rarely hear on the news what's happening in France, Germany, or Ireland even though they're much closer geographically, politically, and culturally. That sounds like a pretty good book! …",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-if-only-they-didnt-speak-english-notes-from-trumps-america-by-jon-sopel/",
"published": "2025-06-19T11:34:55.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-19T13:22:45.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cover.jpg\" alt=\"Book Cover.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61203\"> I expected so much more from this book. It starts with a central thesis - the UK over-indexes on America because we speak the same language, but there is an enormous gulf in attitudes between the two nations. We rarely hear on the news what's happening in France, Germany, or Ireland even though they're much closer geographically, politically, and culturally.</p>\n\n<p>That sounds like a pretty good book!</p>\n\n<p>Instead, we get \"what I learned on my holiday to the USA by Jon Sopel aged 57 and ¾\".</p>\n\n<p>We learn, for example, that America likes guns. There's a <em>bit</em> of an analysis of why and how lobbying shapes it, but it is fairly surface-level stuff. There's a little bit of a comparison with the UK's attitudes, but not much. Similarly, they're much more religious, racist, and have a convoluted relationship with the truth. Their constitution, elections, and media landscape are also different. It feels like pop-facts rather than anything deeper.</p>\n\n<p>There are some brilliant insider anecdotes which, thankfully, don't stray into fawning name-dropping. For example, this little nugget about the Hillary Clinton victory rally that never was:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Throughout the evening two men were posted to each corner of our broadcast ‘riser’ and they sat at machines with large conical funnels pointing upwards. These were the machines that would launch into the air millions of shards of shiny paper to recreate the effect of a glass ceiling shattering.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>He also makes some grimly accurate prophesies:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>And are you really going to start a trade war with China – and everyone else for that matter, with all the consequences that might bring for the global economy?</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Towards the end, when discussing how Trump came to dominate, he says:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Books much weightier than this will be written about the abject failure of the conventional media to comprehend fully the parameters of this new world</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>I think I was expecting this to be a bit weightier and to set out some way forward.</p>\n</body></html>",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61410",
"title": "Why do people have such dramatically different experiences using AI?",
"description": "For some people, it seems, AI is an amazing machine which - while fallible - represents an incredible leap forward in productivity. For other people, it seems, AI is wrong more often than right and - although occasionally useful - requires constant supervision. Who is right? I recently pointed out a few common problems with LLMs. I was discussing this with someone relatively senior who works…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/why-do-people-have-such-dramatically-different-experiences-using-ai/",
"published": "2025-06-18T11:34:09.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-18T13:33:24.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>For some people, it seems, AI is an amazing machine which - while fallible - represents an incredible leap forward in productivity.</p>\n\n<p>For other people, it seems, AI is wrong more often than right and - although occasionally useful - requires constant supervision.</p>\n\n<p>Who is right?</p>\n\n<p>I recently pointed out <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/large-language-models-and-pareidolia/\">a few common problems with LLMs</a>. I was discussing this with someone relatively senior who works on Google's Gemini. I explained that <em>every</em> time I get a Google AI overview it is wrong. Sometimes obviously wrong, sometimes subtly wrong. I asked if that was really the experience of AI Google wanted to promote? My friend replied (lightly edited for clarity):</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>I find AI Overview to be helpful for my searches and my work. I use it all the time to look up technical terms and hardware specs.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>I, somewhat impolitely, called bullshit and sent a couple of screenshots of recent cases where Google was just laughably wrong. He replied:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Interesting. We are seeing the opposite.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Why is that?</p>\n\n<p>I'll happily concede that LLMs are reasonable at outputting stuff which <em>looks</em> plausible and - in many cases - that's all that's necessary. If I can't remember which command line switch to use, AI is easier than crappy documentation. Similarly, if I don't know how to program a specific function, most AIs are surprisingly decent at providing me with something which <em>mostly</em> works.</p>\n\n<p>But the more I know about something, the less competent the AI seems to be.</p>\n\n<p>Let me give you a good example.</p>\n\n<p>At my friend's prompting, I asked Gemini to OCR an old newspaper clipping. It is a decent resolution scan of English text printed in columns. The sort of thing a million AI projects have been trained on. Here's a sample:</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Children.webp\" alt=\"Scan of some text.\" width=\"437\" height=\"174\" class=\"size-full wp-image-61413\">\n\n<p>So what did Gemini make of it when asked to extract the text from it?</p>\n\n<blockquote>Children at Witham's Chip-<br>\nping Hill Infants School are en-<br>\ngaged in trying out all sorts of<br>\nimaginations ready for October<br>\n31... \"And god knows what<br>\nstrange spirits will be abroad.\"<br></blockquote>\n\n<p>That reads pretty well. It is <em>utterly</em> wrong, but it is convincing. This isn't a one-off either. Later in the clipping was this:</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Witch.webp\" alt=\"Scan of some text.\" width=\"425\" height=\"229\" class=\"size-full wp-image-61412\">\n\n<p>I'm sure a child of 6 could read that aloud without making any mistakes. Is Gemini as smart as a 6-year-old?</p>\n\n<blockquote>All the children say halloween<br>\nis fun. So it is for 6-year-old<br>\nJoanne Kirby admits she will be<br>\nstaying up to watch on October<br>\n31, just in case. She has made a<br>\npaper \"witch,\" to \"tell stories<br>\nabout witches,\" she said.<br></blockquote>\n\n<p>Again, superficially right, but not accurate in the slightest.</p>\n\n<p>There were half a dozen mistakes in a 300 word article. That, frankly, is shit. I could have copy-typed it and made fewer mistakes. I probably spent more time correcting the output than I saved by using AI.</p>\n\n<p>Boring old Tesseract - a mainstay of OCR - did far better. Yes, it might occasionally mistake a speck of dust for a comma or confuse two similar characters - but it has never invented new sentences!</p>\n\n<p>Like a fool, I asked Gemini what was going on:</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/GeminiShit.webp\" alt=\"Me: That's a really bad job. You've invented lots of words which aren't there. Try again. Gemini: I understand you weren't satisfied with the previous transcription. Unfortunately, I can't directly perform OCR on images. However, there are many apps available that can do this. You can search online for 'OCR apps' to find one that suits your needs.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"375\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-61411\">\n\n<p><a href=\"https://g.co/gemini/share/af5e6ed3d1ea\">Here's a link to the conversation if you don't believe me</a>.</p>\n\n<p>This isn't just a problem with Gemini - ChatGPT also invented brand-new sentences when scanning the text.</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>All the children say Halloween is fun, rather than frightening. Six-year-old Joanne Kirby admits she will be “a scary little witch” on the night, but she does like ghost stories.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>So what's going on?</p>\n\n<blockquote class=\"bluesky-embed\" data-bluesky-uri=\"at://did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v/app.bsky.feed.post/3lrstc3b2l227\" data-bluesky-cid=\"bafyreidpyzj4sdakngcubvh4hzusyw5ub54zqhr6wc3evio4eghvlnvw5q\"><p lang=\"en\">A question one has to ask of any source, including LLMs but also newspapers, influencers, podcasts, books, etc., is \"how would I know if they were wrong?\"This is not a prompt to doubt everything – down that path is denialism – but about reflecting on how much you rely on even \"trusted\" sources.</p>— <a href=\"https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v?ref_src=embed\">Adrian Hon (@adrianhon.bsky.social)</a> <a href=\"https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:a3m54c4suf2odoycgsx4fv6v/post/3lrstc3b2l227?ref_src=embed\">2025-06-17T15:39:06.772Z</a></blockquote>\n\n<script async=\"\" src=\"https://embed.bsky.app/static/embed.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"></script>\n\n<p>With OCR, it is simple. I can read the ground-truth and see how it compares to the generated output. I don't have to trust; I can verify.</p>\n\n<p>I suppose I mostly use AI for things with which I have a passing familiarity. I can quickly see when it is wrong. I've never used it for, say, tax advice or instructions to dismantle a nuclear bomb. I'd have zero idea if the information it spat back was in any way accurate.</p>\n\n<p>Is that the difference? If you don't understand what you're asking for then you can't judge whether you're being mugged off.</p>\n\n<p>Or is there something more fundamentally different between users which results in this disparity of experience?</p>\n\n<img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-t-shirt-which-says-Dunning-and-Kruger-and-Gell-and-Mann.jpeg\" alt=\"A t-shirt which says Dunning and Kruger and Gell and Mann.\" width=\"540\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35422\">\n</body></html>",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61180",
"title": "Book Review: Beyond Measure - The Hidden History of Measurement by James Vincent ★★★★⯪",
"description": "This is a charming travelogue through the confusing and contradictory world of measurement. It has a similar thesis to Seeing Like A State by James C. Scott and is infinitely easier to read than Inventing Temperature by Hasok Chang Emanuele Lugli has noted, units of measurement are, for the powerful, ‘sly tools of subjugation’. Each time they’re deployed, they turn the world ‘into a place that …",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-beyond-measure-the-hidden-history-of-measurement-by-james-vincent/",
"published": "2025-06-17T11:34:39.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-06T10:13:46.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Beyond-Measure-447x690-1.jpg\" alt=\"Book cover.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61181\"> This is a charming travelogue through the confusing and contradictory world of measurement. It has a similar thesis to <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2021/11/book-review-seeing-like-a-state-james-c-scott/\">Seeing Like A State by James C. Scott</a> and is infinitely easier to read than <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2023/05/book-review-inventing-temperature-hasok-chang/\">Inventing Temperature by Hasok Chang</a></p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Emanuele Lugli has noted, units of measurement are, for the powerful, ‘sly tools of subjugation’. Each time they’re deployed, they turn the world ‘into a place that continues to make sense as long as the power that legitimises the measurements rests in place’.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>One thing that struck me was how often we squash measurements down into something human and usable.</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>As Kula notes, many historical studies of medieval metrology refer to the ‘primitivism’ and ‘crudity’ of elastic units, but in reality they are well fitted to the needs of the people who used them, embodying the relationship of humans to the land and capturing the necessities of their work.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Americans (wrongly) claim that Fahrenheit feels more natural. It doesn't; they're just used to it. But it does show that we have a bias for familiarity which stops the adoption of new forms and scales.</p>\n\n<p>It dives into the human, social, and religious requirements for measurement. I particularly liked this little aside:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>It’s perhaps due to this symbolic potency that the Bible mentions measurement more often than it does charity.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>It is also a good compliment to <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-a-history-of-the-world-in-47-borders-the-stories-behind-the-lines-on-our-maps-by-jonn-elledge/\">A History of the World in 47 Borders</a> - it shows how measurement lead to conquest, colonialism, and social upheaval.</p>\n\n<p>Rather delightfully, the author goes a little gonzo and reports first-hand from various measurement sites. This isn't a dusty retelling of some encyclopædia article, it is a living exploration of the ritual around measurement. At times it appears that science and religion have an equal fervour for ceremony and obedience.</p>\n\n<p>There is particular ire for the cultish weirdos of the Quantified Self movement, and it loops back to how measurement is a way for the uneasy to impose a sense of order on the world.</p>\n\n<p>I found it a little too credulous about <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2020/02/weeknotes-reading-week/#the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-shoshana-zuboff\">Zuboff's work on surveillance</a>, but that's a minor criticism.</p>\n\n<p>An excellent book for anyone interested in both the philosophy and practicality of measurement.</p>\n</body></html>",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61259",
"title": "Your Password Algorithm Sucks",
"description": "There are two sorts of people in the world; those who know they are stupid and those who think they are clever. Stupid people use a password manager. They know they can't remember a hundred different passwords and so outsource the thinking to something reasonably secure. I'm a stupid person and am very happy to have BitWarden generate and save fiendishly complex unique passwords which are then…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/",
"published": "2025-06-16T11:34:07.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-25T19:59:11.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p>There are two sorts of people in the world; those who know they are stupid and those who think they are clever.</p>\n\n<p>Stupid people use a password manager. They know they can't remember a hundred different passwords and so outsource the thinking to something reasonably secure. I'm a stupid person and am very happy to have BitWarden generate and save fiendishly complex unique passwords which are then protected by the app's MFA. Lovely!</p>\n\n<p>But people who think they are clever decide to bypass that and use their own super-secret algorithm.</p>\n\n<p>Every clever person's algorithm boils down to the same thing:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Have a single strong main password.</li>\n<li>Add to it some information related to the service.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>For example <code>P@ssw0rd!_facebook</code> and <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin</code>. On the surface, that's quite an attractive proposition. You remember one thing and you don't need to trust a password manager.</p>\n\n<p>People who are <em>extra</em> clever use the same algorithm but wrap it in a command-line function which XORs both pieces of data, creates a SHA-512 hash, takes every prime numbered bit, converts to ASCII, and uses <em>that</em> to generate a password. <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls5BFzuxGw4\">Smart!</a></p>\n\n<p>Either way, these algorithms <strong>suck!</strong> Let me explain why.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"password-leaking\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-leaking\" class=\"heading-link\">Password Leaking</a></h2>\n\n<p>One day, LinkedIn decides to <a href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/blog/member/trust-and-safety/protecting-our-members\">LeakedOut its users' passwords</a>. Anyone who can see <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin</code> can make a pretty good guess at your password for Facebook, banking, dating, and shopping etc. This means you now need to change <em>every</em> password that you have.</p>\n\n<p>Even if you have used some amazing cryptographic powerhouse of an algorithm, there's still a chance you'll accidentally leak it or get so paranoid that you decide to invalidate it. Now you need to change your password on hundreds of sites.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"password-rotation\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-rotation\" class=\"heading-link\">Password Rotation</a></h2>\n\n<p>We all know that it is <a href=\"https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/collection/passwords/updating-your-approach\">a bad idea to ask your users to regularly change their passwords</a> - yet sites often persist in doing so.</p>\n\n<p>How does your algorithm cope with this?</p>\n\n<p>Do you have to remember that it is <code>P@ssw0rd!_facebook_1</code> and <code>P@ssw0rd!_linkedin_23</code>?</p>\n\n<p>Perhaps you'll write down all the suffixes and find a way to store them securely - like, say, a password manager?</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"password-requirements\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#password-requirements\" class=\"heading-link\">Password Requirements</a></h2>\n\n<p>One site says \"Your password <em>must</em> contain a special character and a number\" another says \"You can use any special character <em>except</em> % or ?\" another refuses to let your password contain two consecutive identical characters, or it <em>must</em> start with a number, or it cannot be longer than 12 characters. Yes, I know password rules like this aren't sensible - but they <em>are</em> common.</p>\n\n<p>How does your algorithm cope with that?</p>\n\n<p>If you manually have to tweak a couple of dozen passwords generated by your algorithm, you are going to tie yourself in knots remembering the arcane requirements for each one.</p>\n\n<h2 id=\"be-stupid-use-a-password-manager\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#be-stupid-use-a-password-manager\" class=\"heading-link\">Be Stupid - Use A Password Manager</a></h2>\n\n<p>Humans are stupid<sup id=\"fnref:not\"><a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#fn:not\" class=\"footnote-ref\" title=\"Not you, of course. You're mummy's extra-special boy who never makes mistakes.\" role=\"doc-noteref\">0</a></sup>. Humans get tired, forgetful, or sick. Our delicious meaty brains are not optimised to remember long strings of complex information or hundreds of rarely used combinations. Knowing that you know not is a super-power. It allows you to offload things that you don't understand to something more competent.</p>\n\n<p>Pick a password manager. Secure it with a reasonably strong password and multi-factor authentication. Let it do the hard work of remembering.</p>\n\n<div class=\"footnotes\" role=\"doc-endnotes\">\n<hr>\n<ol start=\"0\">\n\n<li id=\"fn:not\" role=\"doc-endnote\">\n<p>Not you, of course. You're mummy's extra-special boy who never makes mistakes. <a href=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/your-password-algorithm-sucks/#fnref:not\" class=\"footnote-backref\" role=\"doc-backlink\"><img src=\"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/15.1.0/72x72/21a9.png\" alt=\"↩\" class=\"wp-smiley\" style=\"height: 1em; max-height: 1em;\" />︎</a></p>\n</li>\n\n</ol>\n</div>\n</body></html>",
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{
"id": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/?p=61169",
"title": "Book Review: What We Talk About When We Talk About Books - The History and Future of Reading by Leah Price ★★★★★",
"description": "Is reading a morally good pastime? Do eBooks rot the brain in the same way that pulp paperbacks do? Should people of feeble character be allowed unfettered access to books? Show me how you want to read, and I’ll show you who you want to be. Leah Price has produced a pithy and astonishing look at what books were and whether they will survive. It is, perhaps, a little overwrought and o…",
"url": "https://shkspr.mobi/blog/2025/06/book-review-what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-books-the-history-and-future-of-reading-by-leah-price/",
"published": "2025-06-15T11:34:55.000Z",
"updated": "2025-06-05T20:36:34.000Z",
"content": "<html><head></head><body><p><img src=\"https://shkspr.mobi/blog/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/97804650426851.webp\" alt=\"Book cover featuring twisted book pages.\" width=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-61170\"> Is reading a morally good pastime? Do eBooks rot the brain in the same way that pulp paperbacks do? Should people of feeble character be allowed unfettered access to books?</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Show me how you want to read, and I’ll show you who you want to be.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Leah Price has produced a pithy and astonishing look at what books were and whether they will survive. It is, perhaps, a little overwrought and overwritten - but I revelled in the its joyous use of language.</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Perhaps print is to digital as Madonna is to whore: we worship one but use the other.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>It put forwards some provocative arguments and isn't afraid to show the counterpoint in its footnotes.</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Same text, different books: the very same sequence of words means something different—does something different—depending on whether it’s made for a desk or a pocket, a classroom or a church. Comparing these two editions of the same text makes visible how much of our reaction to a book is shaped by factors other than the words it contains. Its look and feel and smell instruct us wordlessly in how and why to read it—alone or in company, in search of learning or of salvation.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>How does DRM affect this, I wonder? If books are locked down then they cannot be analysed. Conversely, when every reader can choose their own font and hyphenation strategy, do we lose some collective experience?</p>\n\n<p>Similarly, eReaders don't display their cover to fellow passengers on public transport. A boon for the privacy conscious, but means we lose the social signal that simply <em>everyone</em> is reading this new book.</p>\n\n<p>Is reading for everyone?</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>Once a sign of economic power, reading has become the province of those whose time lacks value.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Harsh! The whole book is a powerful argument that books are a powerful argument. No matter what form the words are delivered in, some paranoid Moms will always want to see books from library shelves untimely ripp'd. There are, of course, an equal and opposite set of mothers who protest against cuts to literacy funding.</p>\n\n<p>I sometimes wonder if any modern techbro CEOs have ever picked up a history book. Back in 1913, Thomas Edison was asked about the education powers of his new invention - the motion picture:</p>\n\n<blockquote><p>“Books,” declared the inventor with decision, “will soon be obsolete in the public schools. Scholars will be instructed through the eye. It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed inside of ten years.</p></blockquote>\n\n<p>Books outlasted his prediction. They outlasted him. They will morph, adapt, scatter, and devour until they outlast us all.</p>\n</body></html>",
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